现代大学英语精读5Book unit 5 Love is a Fallacyppt课件VIP

.,LessonFive,LessonFiveLoveisaFallacy-byMaxShulman,.,TeachingContents,Preview:adiscussiononloveandrecognitionoflogicalfallaciesBackground:MaxSchulman;logicfallaciesTextanalysis:thestructure;writingtechniques;thefigurativelanguageExtension:Writing-LoveisaFallacyorNot.,.,Loveisaneasygametoplay.Loveisblue,liketheblueinbluemovies.Loveisblind.Loveisakindofemotionthatmakesyoufeelupanddown.Loveisafallacy.Onceyougetusedtoeachother,itbecomeslife,nomoreloveexisting.Loveisingivingratherthanintaking.,Howdoyouthinkofsomeofthefollowingviewpointsconcerninglove?(workingroups),Warm-up,Oneishalfwhenhe/sheisborn.He/Shespendsmostofhis/hertimeinsearchoftheotherhalf.Eventually,he/shefindshis/herlove.,.,Yesterday-Beatles,Yesterday,Allmytroublesseemedsofaraway,Nowitlooksasthoughtheyreheretostay,Oh,Ibelieveinyesterday.Suddenly,ImnothalfthemanIusedtobe,Theresashadowhangingoverme,Oh,yesterdaycamesuddenly.WhysheHadtogoIdontknow,shewouldntsay.Isaid,Somethingwrong,nowIlongforyesterday.,Yesterday,Lovewassuchaneasygametoplay,NowIneedaplacetohideaway,Oh,Ibelieveinyesterday.WhysheHadtogoIdontknow,shewouldntsay.Isaid,Somethingwrong,nowIlongforyesterday.Yesterday,Lovewassuchaneasygametoplay,NowIneedaplacetohideaway,Oh,Ibelieveinyesterday.,.,Loveisblue.,Blue,bluemyworldisblueBlueismyworldnowImwithoutyouGrey,greymylifeisgreyColdismyheartsinceyouwentawayRed,redmyeyesareredCryingforyoualoneinmybedGreen,greenmyjealousheartIdoubtedyouandnowwereapartWhenwemethowthebrightsunshoneThenloveisdieNowtherainbowisgoneBlack,blackthenightIveknownlongingforyousolostandaloneGone,gonetheloveweknewBlueismyworldnowImwithoutyou,.,TheAuthorLogicFallacies,BackgroundInformation,.,MaxShulman(1919-1988)isoneoftheAmericasbest-knownhumorists.Heisawriterofmanytalents-hehaswrittennovels,stories,Broadwayplays,moviescenariosandtelevisionscripts.,I.Author,MaxShulmanisbestrememberedforcreatingthepopularcharacterDobieGillis,atypicalAmericanteenwhofrequentlysufferedfromromanticangst,afeelingofpersistentworry.Thecharacterappearedonapopulartelevisionsitcom(i.e.situationcomedy情景剧)duringthe1950sandwasinafeaturefilmin1953.,.,OtherworksbyMaxShulman,I.Author(Cont.),.,II.LogicFallacies,DictoSimpliciter(绝对判断)HastyGeneralization(草率结论,不完全归纳)PostHoc(牵强附会,假性因果)ContradictoryPremises(矛盾前提,二立背反，大前提有毛病AdMisericordiam：拉丁文，意思为诉诸同情(aLatinphrasemeaningtopity;afallacyinlogicofappealingtopityorcompassion.)FalseAnalogy(错误类比)HypothesisContrarytoFact(与事实相反的假设)PoisoningtheWell(投毒下井),.,Argument,Inordertounderstandwhatafallacyis,onemustunderstandwhatanargumentis.Verybriefly,anargumentconsistsofoneormorepremisesandoneconclusion.,Therearetwomaintypesofarguments:deductiveandinductive.Adeductiveargumentisanargumentsuchthatthepremisesprovidecompletesupportfortheconclusion.Aninductiveargumentisanargumentsuchthatthepremisesprovidesomedegreeofsupport(butlessthancompletesupport)fortheconclusion.,.,归纳法与演绎法（前提与结论）,某农妇养小鸡10只，公母各半，她预备母鸡养大生蛋，公鸡则养至100天后陆续杀以佐餐。天天早晨她拿米喂鸡。到100天的早晨，一只公鸡正这样想到：第一天早晨有米吃，第二天早晨有米吃，第99天早晨有米吃，所以今天，是第100天，一定有米吃但是农妇把这只鸡杀了人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。中国古时候有个文学家叫做司马迁的说过：“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛。”为人民利益而死，就比泰山还重；替法西斯卖力，替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死，就比鸿毛还轻。张思德同志是为人民利益而死的，他的死是比泰山还要重的。为人民服务毛泽东,.,Fallacy,Fallaciesaredefectsinanargument-otherthanfalsepremises-whichcauseanargumenttobeinvalid,unsound(无根据的,有缺点地)orweak.Byunderstandingwhatfallaciesare,youcanavoidmakingthemandmoreeasilydetectthemintheworkofothers,1)anideawhichmanypeoplebelievetobetruebutwhichisinfactfalsebecauseitisbasedonincorrectinformationorfaultyreasoning.2)aweaknessandlackoflogicorgoodsenseinanargumentorpieceofarguing.E.g.Thebeliefthatwomenarealwaysweakerthanmenisjustafallacy.,.,Practising,Analyzethefollowingfallacieswiththehelpofthetext.,.,1)Peopleallovertheworldarepeace-loving.2)Hisparentslovehim.HisMissRightloveshim,too.So,everybodyheknowsloveshim.3)Donteateggsbeforeanexam.Iamflunked（不及格）everytimewhenItakeanexamaftereatinganegg.4)Hedecidedtogiveupallhisdecisions.,(DictoSimpliciter)(绝对判断）,(HastyGeneralization)（草率结论）,(PostHoc.)（牵强附会）,(ContradictoryPremises)（矛盾前提）,Analyzethefollowingfallacies,.,5)Whentheinterviewerasksthejob-huntertomakeabriefself-introduction,herepliesthathehastofindajobtoaffordhisoldparentsandyoungchildrenwhoarenowsufferingfromhunger.(AdMisericordiam)（诉诸同情）6)Wecantakebooksandfoodinthetrain,thenshouldntwetakeabombwithusinthetrain?(FalseAnalogy)（错误类比）7)IfChinesepeoplehadnotoverthrowntheKuomingtangRegime,wewouldnotliveahappylifetoday.(HypothesisContrarytoFact)（与事实相反的假设）,.,8)WhenthenewteacheraskedPetertoanswerthequestion,Tomrosetohisfeetandsaid:“Peterisadunce(蠢材，笨学生）,heknowsnothingaboutwhatyouaretalkingabout.”(PoisoningtheWell)（井下投毒）9)AllstudentsinthisuniversitycanspeakEnglishwell.(DictoSimpliciter)（绝对判断）10.Iwillnotgotothelibraryanymore,becauseeverytimeIgothere,itrains.(PostHoc.)（牵强附会）,.,LearningofLogicFallacies,Appreciationoflogicfallacies,.,1.DictoSimpliciter(绝对判断）,thefallacyiscommittedbyanargumentthatappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstancesmaketheruleinappropriate.Examples:Carisfast.Thereforeeverytimewehangout,weshoulddriveacar.Dogisapet.Everyonelikesit.Posteducationisbeneficial.soeveryoneshouldatleastgetabachelordegree.JapanesewagedawartoChinese,whichhadnothingtodowithhumanitybuteverythingtodowithaggression.ThereforeeveryJapaneseisguiltyandshouldbecondemned.,.,2.HastyGeneralization（草率结论）,-Thefallacyarguesimproperlyfromaspecialcasetoageneralrule.Examples:Asportsprogramisinteresting.Anentertainmentprogramisinteresting.ATVseriesisinteresting.ThereforeeveryTVprogramisinteresting.IhaventseenaUFO;Jasonhasnteither;MsYanhasntprobably;sonoUFOatall.,.,HastyGeneralization(Cont.),MrWangshandwritingisterrible.Mr.Hushandwritingisalsoterribleandyouknowhowterriblemenshandwritingis.-Itappliesaspecialcasetogeneralrule.Thatfactthatcertainpersonshandwritingisbaddoesntimplythatallmenshandwritingisbad.,.,3.PostHoc（牵强附会）,-ThisfallacyassumesthatifeventYhappenedaftereventX,thenXmustbethecauseofY.Examples:Dontsingthissong.Everytimeyousingthissong,thebabygetssick.Ineverdrinkpurifiedwater,eachtimeIdoIllgetdiarrhea.dari:（腹泻）Hiseyesareverybig,sohemusthavegoodeyesight.,.,4.ContradictoryPremises（矛盾前提）,-TheconclusioniscontradictorytothepremiseThisisthemightiestswordwhichisabletoshatteranyshield,andthatisthemostindestructibleshieldwhichiscapableofenduringanystroke.Ithinkheistheinvincible不可战胜的manintheworld,andnothingispowerfulenoughtodefeathim.But,ofcourse,hehascertaindrawbacksthatmightcausehimlose.,.,5.AdMisericordiam（诉诸同情，文不对题）,-Thefallacyofirrelevantconclusioniscommittedwhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisatissueinthepremises“Hewaslatetotheclasstoday.”“Becausehewasscoldedbyhismotheryesterday.”“Haveyouhadlunch?”“Igotuplatethismorning,andunfortunatelyIfelldownfrommybikewhenridingtoschool.”,.,Admisericordian(anappealtopity),Lookatthisfourteen-year-oldchildwhosrunawayfromhometohidehershame-pregnant,unwashed,friendless.penniless,atthemercyofoursocialserviceagencies.Canyoutillclaimthatsexshouldbetaughtintheclassroom?“-Inthisshiftyapproachtoargumentation,thewritergivestearjerkingdescriptionsofthecruelopponentsvictimsinordertoarousesympathyfromthereader.,.,6.FalseAnalogy（错误类比）,SincewehavemooncakesintheMoonFestival,whydontwehavespringcakesintheSpringFestival?BeforethefoundingofthePeoplesRepublic,eatingrottenvegetablesandbranwassocommontothepeople.SoIdontthinkitisunbearabletoeattheremainsofthemeal.,.,FalseAnalogy(Cont.),Highschoolshouldnotrequireafreshmanwritingcourse.Harvarddoesntrequireafreshmanwritingcourse,andthestudentsgetalongfinewithoutit.-Theanalogyisfalsebecausethetwoitemsdonthavestrongenoughsimilaritiestopredictthatwhathappensinonewillhappenintheother.,.,7.HypothesisContrarytoFact（与事实相反的假设）,Ifthegunpowderhadntbeeninvented,therewouldnthavebeensomanywarsintheworld.HowcouldyouhavepassedtheexamwhatifIhadnttoldyoutheanswerinadvance?,.,8.PoisoningtheWell（井下投毒）,-“speakingagainsttheman”Thisfallacymakesapersonalattackonapersonwhoholdssomethesis,insteadofofferinggroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse.Dontlistentoanywordfromhim,forheismostshamefulcheatingaroundtheworld.Thedefendantkilledthevictimcruelly,IsuggestLordsentencehimguilty.,.,SettingPlotConflictCharactersPointofviewTheme,TextAppreciation,Elementsofastory,AnAmericanuniversity,DobieGillisintendstomarryPollyEspy,whoishisroommate,PeteyBurchsgirlfriendthroughhissuitablere-education.,Protagonist:DobieGillis,Antagonist:PeteyBurch学究式的写作风格；anacademicinsistenceonprecision;一种学院式的苛求精神；donnishrefinementofspeech;学究式的雅语；(2)ofSundays(colloquial),Alongtime,.,PartI(paras4-59),Narrator,Petey,Polly,roommates,lovers,Cool;logical;keen;calculating;perspicacious;acute;astute;aspowerfulasadynamo;aspreciseasachemistsscale,Dumbasanox;nicebutnothingupstairs;emotional;unstable;impressionable;afaddist,Beautiful;gracious;anerectnessofcarriage;aneaseofbearing;thebestofbreeding;exquisitemanners;unintelligent,.,Whatdidtheywantrespectively?Whathappenedamongthem?,Peteywantedaraccooncoat,ThenarratorwantedPolly,Theymadeadeal,Isabargain?Willyoutakethecoat?,.,WhatisthetopicsentenceofPara.50?Howdoesthewriterdeveloptheideaexpressedinthetopicsentence?,Hewasatornman.Thewriterdevelopstheparagraphbyillustrativeexampleofthebehaviorofthetornman.,.,ExamplesofEllipsisandInversion,ExamplesofAntithesis,Para.27,50,ExampleofHyperbole,Para.4,50,Para.5,14,16,21,25,36,.,AmericanColloquialismandSlang,(1)nothingupstairs(slang):(2)pin-up(colloquialism):(3)keen(slang):(4)kid(colloquialism):(5)gosteady(colloquialism):(6)causalkick(colloquialismorslang):,empty-headed;thecorrespondingBritishslangis“unfurnishedintheupperstorey”.,designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls,good,fine,excellent,ayoungperson,todatesomeoneoftheoppositesexregularlyandexclusively,anoccasionalpleasure;notaseriouscommitment,.,KeySentences,1.CharlesLamb,asmerryandenterprisingafellowasyouwillmeetinamonthofSundays,unfetteredtheinformalessaywithhismemorableOldChinaandDreamsChildren.,古瓷和梦中的孩子,像CharlesLamb这样快乐和富有创新精神的人物并不常见，他写了古瓷和梦中的孩子这两篇文章，这两篇文章可以说解放了散文。,.,2.Fads,Isubmit,aretheverynegationofreason.(Para5),Suggest;propose,Thecompletelackofsomepositivecharacter,Soundthought,Ibelievefollowingpassingcrazesshowsacompletelackofsoundjudgment.,Fadstressestheimpulsiveenthusiasmwithwhichafashionistakenupforashorttime.,Fashionistheprevailingcustomindress,manners,speech,etc.ofaparticularplaceortime.,.,3.OneafternoonIfoundPeteylyingonhisbedwithanexpressionofsuchdistressonhisfacethatIimmediatelydiagnosedappendicitis.(Para6),阑尾炎,Oneafternoon,whenIwentbacktomydorm,Peteywaslyingonhisbed.HeworesuchadepressedlookthatIcametotheconclusionatoncethathewassufferingfromappendicitis.,.,4.Mybrain,thatprecisioninstrument,slippedintohighgear.(Para20),begantoworkathighspeedorefficiency,Mybrain,whichisaspreciseasachemistsscales,begantoworkathighspeed.,Mixedmetaphor,Brainamachinethathasgears,Brainprecisioninstrument,.,5.Shewas,tobesure,agirlwhoexcitedtheemotions,butIwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.IwantedPollyforashrewdlycalculated,entirelycerebralreason.(Para23),metonymy,Heart-Feelingsandemotions,Head-Reasonandgoodsense,Shewasbeautifulandattractiveenoughtoarousethedesiresandpassionsofmen,butIwouldnotletfeelingsoremotionsgettheupperhandofreasonorgoodsense.IwantedPollyentirelyforacarefullythoughtoutreason.,requiringtheuseoftheintellect,.,6.Shewasnotyetofpin-upproportions,butIfeltsurethattimewouldsupplythelack.(Para25),linesorshapeofthebody,Supplywhatiswanting,Shewasnotyetfullydevelopedlikepin-upgirlsbutIfeltsurethat,giventime,shewouldfillupandbecomejustasglamorous.glmrs.富有魅力的;迷人的,.,7.Infact,sheveeredintheoppositedirection.(Para27),Tochangedirection;toshift,Infact,shewentintheoppositedirection.Thisasarcasticwayofsayingthatshewasratherstupid.,.,8.Ifyouwereoutofthepicture,thefieldwouldbeopen.(Para34),Metaphor?,Comparingthecompetingforfriendshiptoanathleticevent.,notconsideredasinvolvedinasituation,Anareawheregamesareheld,Ifyourenolongerinvolvedwithher(ifyoustopdatingher)otherswouldbefreetocompeteforherfriendship.,.,9.Backandforthhisheadswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaning.(Para50),Hisheadturnedbackandforth(lookingatthecoatthenlookingawayfromthecoat).Everytimehelooked,hisdesireforthecoatgrewstrongerandhisresolutionnottogiveawayPollybecameweaker.,.,DistinguishWords,Keen敏捷的，敏锐的Acute五官，感受，智力Astute狡猾的；诡计多端Perspicacious敏锐，颖悟,敏于判断与了解，敏捷Calculating有心计，精明的,Avigorousandforcefulabilitytograpplewithcomplexorobscureproblems.e.g.akeenmindfordistinction,Asensitivitytonuancesthatmightescapeother.E.g.anacuteawarenessofsth,Athoroughandprofoundunderstanding.E.g.anastuteassessment/evaluationofsth,Themostformalofthesewords;itstressesintensityofperception.E.g.aperspicaciousremark,Shrewdandcunning,.,Distinguishthefollowingwords,1.(ofthefeelings)intense,strong,deep(感情）热烈的，强烈的，深刻的akeendesire,interst,senseofloss强烈的愿望、兴趣、失落感,keen,3.(ofthemind)quicktounderstand（头脑）敏捷的，精明的intelligence敏捷的智力Heexercisedkeenjudgmenttorescuethedrowning.他当机立断，救出了那个溺水儿童,2.（ofthesense)highlydeveloped.(感觉）灵敏的，很强的理解力sight敏锐的视力Dogshavekeensenseofsmell.,.,calculating-,Itmeanscoldlyplanningandthinkingaboutfutureactionsandesp.whethertheywillbegoodorbadforoneself有心计，精明的,Hewasregardedasacalculatingman.ToKate,calculatingandcold,themostimportantthingwaspower.,.,perspicacious-fml.,Thesewerethefundamentaldifficulties,butfewmenwereperspicaciousenoughtoappreciatethem.这些是基本的困难，但是没有几个人能敏锐地意识到它们。Tomsunderstandingtothematteris.汤姆对这件事的理解很透彻、敏锐。Moreexample:Itwasveryperspicaciousofyoutofindthecauseofthetroublesoquickly.,Havingorshowinggreatinsightorjudgement,有洞察力的，判断力强的，有识别力的e.g.aperspicaciousanalysisoftheproblem对问题的精辟分析,.,acute-,1（offeelingsorthesenses)keen,sharp,penetrating（感觉或感官）敏锐的，深刻的，剧烈的剧烈的疼痛，极度的尴尬，深深的懊悔2.shrew,perceptive,精明的，有观察力的,Dogshaveanacutesenseofsmell.Sufferacutepain,embarrassment,remorse,Heisanacuteobserverandthinker.Hisjudgementisveryacute.他的判断力很强,.,astute-,shrewd,quickatseeinghowtogainanadvantage精明的，机敏的，狡诈的,Heisastuteandcapable.他精明强干。Theyareastutefinanciers.他们是一些诡计多端的金融家。Anlawyer，businessman,.,intelligent,聪明，明智理解力，认识，学习Hewasintelligentenoughtoturnoffthegaswhenhewasout.Hewasintelligentenoughtounderstandmymeaningformmygestures,.,bright-,（学习，理解力）聪明，心思灵敏，反应快Heisabrightchild,asyoucantellwhenyoutalkwithhim.,.,fads-astyleetcthatinterestsmanypeopleforashorttime,passingfashionenjoyverybriefpopularity,which,hasapejorativeconnotation.acheapsortoffashion,somewhatdebased.tobeswayedbyfadsistoshowaweaknessforsuddenandbrieftrends.,.fashionsarelikelytobelonger-lastingasfashionableisacompliment,fads,fashion,.,PartII(60-61):the1stdate,Theresultofthe1stdate,Pollyslanguage,Disheartening.Hefoundouthowdumbshereallywas.Pollywasmoreignorantthanhehadexpected.ThenarratorrealizedthathehadtomakeagreatefforttomakePollysmartenoughtobehiswife.,exclamatorywordslike“Gee,Oo,wow-dow”andclippedvulgarformslike“delish,marvy,sensaysh”,etc.,tocreatetheimpressionofasimpleandratherstupidgirl.,Thiscontrastsstronglywiththelanguageofthenarrator,thusincreasingtheforceofsatireandirony.,.,WhatisthelevelofspeechinPara.61?Whatpurposedoesitserve?,Thelanguageinthisparagraphismoreformal.ThenarratorfeltdepressedafterthefirstdatewithPolly.Tobringthisfeelingout,andtocreateahumorouseffect,thewriterusesformalphrasessuchas“withaheavyheart”,“gravelyunderestimatedthesizeofthetask”,“lackofinformation”,“aprojectofnosmalldimensions,etc.,.,KeySentence,Thisloomedasaprojectofnosmalldimensions,andatfirstIwastemptedtogiveherbacktoPetey.(Para61),great,Toteachhertothinkappearedtobeaverybigtask,andatfirstIeventhoughtofgivingherbacktoPetey.,litotes-Afigureofspeechconsistingofanunderstatementinwhichanaffirmativeisexpressedbynegatingitsopposite,asin:Thisisnosmallproblem.曲言法,间接表达法,反语法(以反面的否定代替肯定的词格,如:noeasy代替verydifficult,notbad代替verygood等),Appear/tocomeintosightwithoutclearform,.,PartIII(paras.62-98):the2ndDate,Acourseinlogic,Whatdidtheydointhisdate?,.,WhydidthenarratorteachPollylogic?,Thenarratorwantedawifewhowouldhelptofurtherhiscareeraslawyer.Pollywaspretty,buttheproblemwithherwasthatshedidnotknowhowtothink,sohedecidedtoteachherlogic,thescienceofthinking.,.,4fallaciesinthe2nddate,DictoSimpliciterHastyGeneralizationPostHocContradictoryPremises,Pleasedramatizethemandaddsomenewexamplestoillustratethem.,Maritallifeisveryhappy,soeveryonewantstogetmarriedsomeday.,Mr.Wushandwritingisterrible.Mr.Hushandwritingisalsoterribleandyouknowhowterriblemenshandwritingis.,ThelastfivetimesIvewornmywhitepants,somethingdepressinghashappened.Iamnotgoingtowearthosepantsagain.,Anyonewhowantstolearntodrivemusthavealicense,butifyouwanttogetalicense,yououghttopassthedrivingtest.,.,RhetoricalDevices,AntithesisMetaphor,Para94,Para98,Whataretheexamples?,.,PartIV(paras.99-123):the3rddate,AdMisericordianFalseAnalogyHypothesisContrarytoFactPoisoningtheWell,Pleasedramatizethemandaddsomenewexamplestoillustratethem.,Lookatthe14-year-oldchildwhosrunawayfromhometohidehershame-pregnant,unwashed,friendless,penniless,atthemercyofoursocialserviceagencies.Canyoustillclaimthatsexshouldbetaughtintheclassroom?,MsBauerisaterribleEnglishteacher.Shealwayswearsbluejeans.,Inthiscountrycitizensarepermittedtoownguns.Therefore,ifgunswereoutlawed,citizenswouldbeunabletoprotectthemselvesandtherewouldbeanuncontrollablecrimewave.,Peoplearelikedogs.Theyrespondbesttocleardiscipline,.,Americancolloquialismandslang,a.knockout(slang):b.Yummy(colloquialism):c.howcute(slang):d.dreamy(slang):e.fireaway(colloquialism):,verytasty;delectabletoelicitenthusiasmoranemotionalresponse,especiallydeepsympathyoflaughter3.ageneraltermofapproval,excellent,wonderful,delightful,etc.4.howclever5.begin,start,comeon,Pleasematchthem!,.,RhetoricalDeviseinPara123,thesimile.,TeachingPollythecourseinlogic,Workinginadarktunnel,Whatarethesimilaritiesbetweenthem?,Work,sweat,darkness,Pounded,clawedandscraped,Achinkoflight-chinkgotbigger-sunpouringin-allwasbright,.,KeySentence,Thereisalimittowhatfleshandbloodcanbear.(para.115),Synecdoche,humanbeing,Thereisalimittowhatanyhumanbeingcanbear.,a.部分和全体互代；b.以材料代替事物；c.抽象和具体互代；d.以个体代替整个类。,.,PartV(paras124-125),Whatarol