Harvard Style哈佛体-引用格式

HarvardStyleCitationandReferences,Adaptedfromwww.sml.hw.ac.uk/archive/./2010-11/./Cite-Ref-Harvard-Style.ppt,LearningOutcomes,Attheendofthislesson,studentsareableto:UnderstandtheappropriatecitationandreferencesusingtheHarvardreferencingstyleDemonstratetheirunderstandingoftheuseoftheHarvardreferencingstyle,i.e.BooksJournalArticlesElectronicResourcesetc,WhyCite+Ref?,ItsgoodacademicpracticeandenhancespresentationItallowsyouto:acknowledgetheworkofothersANDallowsyourtutortodifferentiatebetweenyourownworkandtheworkofothersANDtolocatethesourcesyouhaveusedItallowsyoutodemonstratethat:Youhavegatheredevidencetosupportyourideas/argumentsYouhaveusedcredible,goodqualitysourcesHavereadwidelyANDhavereadatanappropriateacademiclevel,CitationandReference,Inyourassignmentsyoumustdemonstratethatyouhaveusedrelevant,goodqualitysourcestosupportyourargumentsby:providingin-textcitationsinthebodyofyourworkANDareferencelistattheendofyourwork,CitationAccordingtoMyers1thereasonfor.Thereferenceispresentedasafootnoteatthebottomofthepageorattheendofyourwork:1Myers,D.(2008),Constructioneconomics:Anewapproach,2nded.,London:TaylorandFrancis,p.159.,Numericstyle,Anin-textcitation,thatprovidesthefollowinginformation:Thenameoftheauthor(s)/editor(s)ofthesourceitsdateofpublicationANDwhereverpossible,thepagenumbersyouhaveusedmaterialfromANDAreferencelistthatprovidesfulldetailsofthesourcesyouhavecitedinyourtext,Harvardstylerequires:,AccordingtoClegg(1985,p.543),theinter-warperiodwas.Barter(2003,p.258)hasshownthat.AsEvans,JamalandFoxall(2006,p.76)pointout.IthasbeensuggestedbyReed(2008,pp.30-31).Barter(2003,p.258)andStuart(2001,p.85)noteAnumberofauthorsincludingSmith(2008,pp.21-24)andAdams(2001,pp.165-166)havearguedthat*p.-pagenumber/pp.-pagenumbers*,Whatsanin-textcitation?,25%ofmanufacturingjobswerelostinthe1980s(Jones,1995,p.64).Severalauthors(Ray,2002,p.23;Smith,2004,p.70)conclude.Arecentsurvey(Gordon,2001,pp.21-28)hasfoundPagenumbersAlwayscitepagenumbersexceptifyoumerelywishtomentiontheexistenceofabook,journaletc.withoutusingmaterialfromit.Forexample:Anumberofrecentstudies(Gray,2002;Toms,2004;Lee,2008)haveconsideredtheScottisheconomyinthe1990s.,Whatsanin-textcitation?,Whatsareferencelist?,ItsalistofallthesourcesyouhavecitedinthetextofyourassignmentItspresentedattheendofyourworkinalphabeticalorderbyauthor/editorDonotlistbooks,journals,newspapers,thenwebsitesetc.Note:abibliographylistsallofthesourcesyouhavereadtohelpwriteyourassignment,notjustthosecitedinthetext.,WhenmustIprovideacitation?,Quotedirectly:useanotherpersonsideasintheirwordsParaphrase:presentanotherpersonsideasinyourwordsSummarise:expressanotherpersonsideasinfewerwordsUseideas,theories,facts,experiments,casestudies,fromasourceAdoptanotherpersonsresearchmethod,surveyorexperimentdesignUsestatistics,tables,diagramsetc.notjustwords!,Quotedirectly,Ifyoupresentinformationexactlyasitappearsinasource,indicatethisbyusingquotationmarks:Marketsegmentationiswherethelargermarketisheterogeneousandcanbebrokendownintosmallerunitsthataresimilarincharacter(EasyandSorensen,2009,p.133).,Paraphrase,Original:MPswerenotpaidasalaryuntil1912.InmedievaltimesconstituentssometimespaidtheirmembersandmetsomeoftheexpensesofsendinganMPtoWestminster,butthepracticediedoutbytheendofthe17thcenturyandthereafterMPsneededpersonalwealthorapersonalpatroninordertosustainapoliticalcareer(Rush,2005,p.114.)Untilthe20thcentury,whenMPsreceivedasalary,personalwealthorthesupportofapatronwasessentialforalong-termcareerinpolitics.FinancialsupportforMPshadonoccasioncomefromtheirconstituentsinthemedievalperiodbutthissystemhadendedbythe17thcentury.Cite?Yes.Sentence2hasbeenre-writtenbutthemeaningisthesameastheoriginal,Summarise,Original:TheproportionofmanualworkersintheranksoftheparliamentaryLabourPartydeclinedfrom1945to1979,fromapproximately1in4to1in10.Ofthe412LabourMPselectedin2001,12%weredrawnfrommanualbackgrounds(CriddlecitedinNorton,2005,p.23).Since1945theproportionofmanualworkersintheparliamentaryLabourPartyhasfallenfrom25%(approx.)to12%in2001.Cite?Yes.Sentence1hasbeenshortenedandrewrittenbutthekeypointismaintained,Nocitationrequired,Yourownideas,theories,arguments,conclusionsSurveysandexperimentsdesignedandcarriedoutbyyouYourownresearchmethodVerybasiccommonknowledge:i.e.GlasgowisinthewestofScotlandBUTGlasgowisinthewestofScotlandandhasapopulationof530,000(citesource!),Citingbooks:1author,CitationInthe1980s,salesofbluejeansslowedandthendeclined(Ransom,2002,p.100).orAccordingtoRansom(2002,p.100),thesalesofbluejeans.ReferencelistRansom,D.(2002),Theno-nonsenseguidetofairtrade,Oxford:NewInternationalistorRansom,D.(2002),Theno-nonsenseguidetofairtrade,Oxford:NewInternationalist*ifnoitalicsavailable-useanunderline*,Citingbooks:2or3authors,2AuthorsCitationAsSlomanandWirde(2009,p.65)pointoutUnemploymentratesaretraditionallyhigheramongwomen(SlomanandWirde,2009,p.419).ReferencelistSloman,J.andWirde,A.(2009),Economics,7thed.,Harlow:PearsonEducation3AuthorsCitationAccordingtoTorrington,HallandTaylor(2008,p.579),companiesthatdiscriminate.Companiesthatdiscriminateagainstvariousgroupslosetalent(Torrington,HallandTaylor,2008,p.579).ReferencelistTorrington,D.,Hall,L.andTaylor,S.(2008),Humanresourcemanagement,7thed.,Harlow:PrenticeHall.*incitationsauthorsnamesmustappearinsameorderassource*edition-ed./noteed.ifnotthefirstedition*,Citingbooks:4+authors,UsetheLatinabbreviationetal.(andtheothers)inthecitationReferencelistProvideallauthorssurnamesandinitials:Solomon,M.,Bamossy,G.,Askegaard,S.andHogg,M.K.(2006),Consumerbehaviour:AEuropeanperspective,3rded.,Harlow:FinancialTimesCitationSolomonetal.(2006,p.69)suggestthat.orPeoplehavebeenconsumersforalongtime,butconsumptionhasonlyrecentlybecomeafocusforstudy(Solomonetal.,2006,p.23).NotXSolomon,Bamossy,Askegaard,andHogg(2006,p.23),Citingachapterinaneditedbook,Manyacademicbooksarecomprisedofchapterswrittenbydifferentauthors+thebookwillhaveaneditor(s)Citethechapterauthor(s)notthebookeditor(s)ReferencelistIncludepagenumbersofentirechapter:Tiesdell,S.(2010),Glasgow:renaissanceontheclyde?,inPunter,J.(ed.).UrbandesignandtheBritishurbanrenaissance,Abingdon:Routledge,pp.262-279.CitationTiesdell(2010,p.263)providesanoverviewoforAmajordevelopmentchallengehasbeentheClydewaterfront(Tiesdell,2010,p.272).*whencitingchapterswith4+authorsuseet.al.*,Citingbooks:editor,ReferencelistPalmer,A.(ed.)(1996),Whoswhoinworldpolitics:from1860tothepresentday,London:Routledge.Newmark,L.(ed.)(1999),Albanian-Englishdictionary,Oxford:OUP.CitationPalmer(1996,p.74)notesthatKohlwonelectionsin1983,1987and1990(Palmer,1996,p.200).AccordingtoanentryinWhoswhoinworldpolitics:from1860tothepresentday(Palmer,1996,p.80)IntheAlbanian-Englishdictionary(Newmark,1999,p.90).*ensurethatyouarenotcitingfromachapterthathasitsownauthor(s)*editor-ed./editors-eds.*,Citingbooks:nodate/author,NodateReferencelistHendry,S.(n.d.),FloraandfaunaofScotland,Glasgow:CollinsCitationHendry(n.d.,p.21)describes.Noauthor:ReferencelistUnderstandingSPSS(2009),London:SPSSPress.HarrapspocketPortuguesedictionary(1988)London:Harrap.CitationUnderstandingSPSS(2009,p.26)describes.HarrapspocketPortuguesedictionary(1988,p.65)defines.,Citingbooks:translations,ReferencelistProvideinformationaboutthetranslator:Vondung,K.(2000),TheapocalypseinGermany.TranslatedfromGermanbyS.D.Ricks,Columbia:UniversityofMissouriPressCitationAccordingtoVondung(2000,p.64).orInVondungsTheapocalypseinGermany(2000,pp.36-50),translatedbyS.D.Ricks,.,Citingbooks:e-book,E-bookscanbeaccessedviathelibrarycataloguebfLuBw;20100120132720%2B0000(Accessed26January2010).Plait,P.,(2010),Wiseuncoversitsfirstnear-Earthasteroid!,BadAstronomyweblog,25January.Availablefrom:,Miscellaneous,PresentationSimsG.(2009),ThedevelopmentoftheScottisheconomyinthe1990s,LectureHeriotWattUniversity,Edinburgh,9December.StandardBritishStandardsInstitution(1997),BS7885:1997.Codeofpracticeforsafeentryintosilos.MiltonKeynes:BSI.MapOrdnanceSurvey(2007),FirthofClyde,Landrangerseries,Sheet63,1:50000.Southampton:OrdnanceSurvey.EncyclopaediaentryBaker,C.andPrysJones,S.(1998),Thresholdstheory,Encylopediaofbilingualismandbilingualeducation,Clevedon:MultilingualMatters.Encylopaediaentry:withanauthorBohren,C.F.(2004),Atmosphericoptics,inBrown,T.G.,Creath,K.,Kogelnik,H.,Kriss,M.A.,Schmit,J.andWeber,M.J.(eds.)Theopticsencylopedia,vol.1,pp.53-91,Weinheim:Wiley.*(citetheauthornottheeds.)*,Quotingdirectly:1author,AccordingtoRoyle(2000,p.167)theBritishstatewasstrongbecauseitwasmilitarilyeffectiveandrelativelyefficientatraisingtaxes.ORThestateinBritianwasstrongbecauseitwasmilitarilyeffectiveandrelativelyefficientatraisingtaxes(Royle,2000,p.167).AlsoAccordingtoRoyle(2000,p.167)theBritishstatewasstrongbecauseitwas.relativelyefficientatraisingtaxes.ReferencelistRoyle,E.(2000),RevolutionaryBritain:ReflectionsontheThreatofRevolutioninBritain,1789-1848,Manchester:ManchesterUniversityPress*(-wordsleftoutoftheoriginaltext)*,Quotingdirectly:3/4+authors,ReferencelistEvans,M.,Jamal,A.,andFoxall,G.(2006),ConsumerBehaviour,Chichester:JohnWiley&SonsCitationAccordingtoEvans,JamalandFoxall(2006,p.176)cohesivenessisalsocloselyconnectedwiththeaffectivenatureofthegroup.(Evans,JamalandFoxall,2006,p.176)4+authorsReferencelistSolomon,M.,Bamossy,G.,Askegaard,S.andHogg,M.K.(2006),Consumerbehaviour:aEuropeanperspective,3rded.,Harlow:FinancialTimesCitationSolomonetal.(2006,p.176)notethattheuseofcelebrityendorsersisanexpensivebutcommonlyusedstrategy.(Solomon,et.al.,2006,p.176),Quotingdirectly:longquotes,Leavespaceabove/belowthequote,indentfromleftAccordingtoSolomonetal.(2006,p.177):Theeffectivenessofcelebritiesascommunicationssourcesoftendependsupontheirperceivedcredibility.Consumersmaynottrustacelebritysmotivesforendorsingaproductortheymayquestionthestarscompetencetoevaluatetheproductsclaims.Therefore.,Secondaryreferencing,Thisoccurswhentheauthorofthesourceyouarereadingreferstotheworkofanotherauthor.andyouwanttousetheworkoftheotherauthorForexample:ClarkesbookreferstoabookwrittenbyTaylorIfyoucantlocatetheoriginalwork(i.e.byTaylor)andyoubelievethatClarkesinterpretationofTaylorsworkisreliable:Tocite:AccordingtoTaylor,citedinClarke(2008,p.17)Clarke(2008,p.17)citingTaylornotesthat.(TaylorcitedinClarke,2008,p.17)ReferencelistClarkewouldappearinyourreferencelistnotTaylor(unlessyouhavereadTaylor!),Plagiarism,Ifyoudonotcite+refideasorquotesfromotherauthorsyoumaybeaccusedofplagiarism!Plagiarismisdefinedaspresentingsomeoneelsesworkasyourown.Itsacade