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化妆品,Giftedness:,TheGiftthatKeepsonGiving,Introduction,Stableversusunstablepersonaltraitse.g.genderversushaircolorWhichisgiftedness?OftenviewedasachildhoodattributeThisreflectedbyarecentwebsearchWhataretheresultsofgoogling?,Googleresults,“giftedchildren”1,440,000hitsversuspost-childhood:“giftedadolescents”39,600hits“giftedteenagers”1,670hits“giftedadults”24,700hits“giftedelderly”56hits“giftedseniorcitizens”8hits,Googleresults,andversuspre-childhood:“giftedbabies”6,660hits“giftedinfants”540hits“giftedzygotes”1hitthelattersomeJonStewartquip!,Argument,Giftednesscanbealife-longtraitThisdevelopmentalcontinuityisespeciallyconspicuouswhenwelookatthehighestlevelsofgiftednesse.g.,top1%ratherthantop10%,SuperlativePerformanceThreshold,AGE,Top10%,Top1%,PERFORMANCE,FromConceptiontoReputation,GeneticconceptionGestationInfancyChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthoodDeathPosthumousreputation,Geneticconception,Geneticconception,Itallbeginswiththe“giftedzygote”Galtons1869HereditaryGeniusModernbehavioralgenetics:Giftednessismostlikelymulti-polygenic(manypolygenictraits)emergenic(multiplicative/configurational)epigenetic(unfoldsovertime)Inshort,acomplex,dynamicprocess,Gestation,Gestation,Intrauterineenvironmente.g.,Geschwindstheoryelevatedtestosteroneafter20thweekrightleftposteriorhemispheregrowthgiftedness/savantismmathematicalabilityartistic/spatialabilitymusicalabilitySimonBaron-Cohen:“extrememalebrain”,Infancy,Infancy,TheDevelopmental“DarkAges”Earlydevelopmentalsignpostsnotalwaysindicativeoflatergiftednessandmayevenbecounter-indicative(e.g.,delayedspeech)SowhendotheDarkAgesend?Whatstheearliestageatwhichthegiftbeginstomanifestitself?,FaganTestofInfantIntelligence,Attentiontonoveltyat6-12monthspredictsadultIQacademicachievementbutthisassessmentconcernsgeneralintelligence(Spearmansg)Whataboutmoredomain-specificindicators?,Cox(1926)301Geniuses,JeremyBentham:Englishjuristandutilitarianphilosopher(earlyIQ180)LearnedalphabetbeforetalkingAt3beganclassicaleducationwhenfatherbuysaLatingrammar;sameagereadRapinsHistoryofEngland,Feldman/Goldsmith(1986/2000)6prodigies,achildwhoreadmusicbeforehewasfour,twochildrenwhoplayedwinningchessbeforetheyenteredschool,anotherwhostudiedabstractalgebraingradeschool,ayoungsterwhoproducedtypedscriptsoforiginalstoriesandplaysbeforehisfifthbirthday,andachildwhoread,wrote,beganlearningforeignlanguages,andcomposedshortmusicalpiecesbeforehewasoutofdiapers.,Winner(1996):GiftedChildren,MichaelKearneyspeakat4months;readat8months;algebraonownatage3KyLeeHenchfascinatedwithlettersusingportabletypewriterbefore2.5;solvedmathproblemstypicalof8-yearoldsby3.,Childhood,Childhood,DarkAgesrarelyendbeforeages2-3,andmorecommonlyendattheageofalatepreschoolerorkindergartnerevenMozartdidntbegincomposinguntil5(withfathershelp)andJ.S.Milldidntwritehisfirstbook(ahistoryofRome)until6.5(juvenilia),Childhood,DuringthisageperiodvariousenvironmentalfactorskickinincludingBirthorder(notprenatal!)Traumatic,enriching,anddiversifyingeventsDomain-specificrolemodelsandmentors,andExpertiseacquisition(10-yearrule)thataffectthetypeanddegreeofgiftednessThe“gift”asanature-nurturecollaboration,Adolescence,Adolescence,Althoughthepreviouslymentionedfactorscontinuetonurturegrowth,thegiftedyouthcanalsobeledastrayfromthepathofoptimaldevelopment:Peergroupsbecomeespeciallycriticalduringthisphasee.g.,Csikszentmihalyietal.s(1993)Talentedteenagers,Adulthood,Adulthood,TheGreatTransformationfromInputtoOutputPotentialtoActualAchievementGiftednesstoGenius,Adulthood,AcceleratedcareeronsetAbbreviatedexpertiseacquisition(10years)Earlyachievement(viz.1st“hit”in20s)Exceptionalproductivityoroutput(e.g.,Napoleon,Edison,Picasso,Mozart)Highimpact(e.g.,disciples,honors)Long,productivecareerEarly-+late-bloomerslong-bloomersHence,lasttestaments,old-agestyleshifts,swan-songs,Examples,Cervantes:DonQuixote,PartII,age68,diedage69,Examples,Galileo:TwoNewSciences,age74,diedage78,Examples,Goethe:Faust,PartII,age83,diedage83,Examples,Verdi:Falstaff,age85,diedage88,Death,Death,LifeexpectancyascontingentonachievementdomainExamples:MathematiciansversusBiologistsPoetsversusNovelistsMilitaryversusPoliticalLeadersRevolutionaryversusStatusQuoPoliticiansPrecocitynegativeimpactonlongevity,Posthumousreputation,Posthumousreputation,Eventualeminenceisadirectfunctionoflifetimeachievement,wh