汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)ppt课件

英汉语言宏观对比,静态与动态（Staticvs.Dynamic）英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态,1,英汉语言宏观对比,英语的静态倾向表现在：1、名词化Insulinisusedinthetreatmentofdiabetes.胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。2、用名词表示施事者，以代替动词(大量由动词派生的名词)Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.他能吃能睡。,2,英汉语言宏观对比,3、用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语(名词连用)spaceshuttleflighttestprogram航天飞机试飞计划4、名词优势造成介词优势Heisathisbooks.他在读书。Themachineisinoperation.机器正在运转。,3,英汉语言宏观对比,5、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义Youareignorantofthedutiesyouundertakeinmarrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。Heisout.他出去了。,4,英汉语言宏观对比,汉语的动态倾向表现在：1、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子)他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式)Hethoughthiswayoutofthedilemma.我们请她唱歌。(兼语式)Weaskedhertosing.2、动词(词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语)Theyenjoytravelingbytrain.,5,英汉语言宏观对比,3、汉语动词常常重复或重叠要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Youwillhaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。Talkingandlaughing,runningandjumping,thechildrenhadagoodtime.,6,句子翻译之谓语确定,汉语句子中否定表达的翻译,7,句子翻译之谓语确定,8,英汉谓语之比较英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当；Shewassmiling.Helikestranslation.Theyhavebecomehealth-conscious.Johnisathome.Wegavehimadvice.Weconsiderthatplanwonderful.Hehasputthesaltonthetable.Thechildrenmighthavebeenplayinginthegarden.Iagreewithyouonthatpoint.InthevalleywecameacrossagroupofMexicans.,9,汉语的谓语也是句子中的重要成分，但汉语的谓语除了用动词充当，还可以用形容词、名词或其他词语充当。他买了一本书。他是江苏人。小王今年29岁。南京的秋天很美。我的老师今天不在学校。,10,在英语句子中，作谓语的动词对句子其他成分的形式和句子结构有很大影响。谓语受主语支配，在人称和数上必须和主语一致。Hehasputthesalt(them)onthetable.汉语句子中主语和谓语只要求在语义上一致，而无须在形式上对应。汉语句子中谓语不受主语支配，没有人称、数和时态变化。,11,我常去北京。IoftengotoBeijing.他常去上海。HeoftengoestoShanghai.他昨天去了常州。HewenttoChangzhouyesterday.从这三个例子看出，汉语的谓语无形态变化，而英语的谓语有变化。,12,英译时谓语的确定1谓语确定应充分、贴切传达愿意；中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。TheeconomyofChinawillmergeintothetideoftheworldeconomy.TheeconomyofChinawillconvergewiththatoftheworld.中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。ThecentralgovernmenthasrefrainedfrominterveningintheaffairsoftheHKSAR.ThecentralgovernmenthasneverintervenedintheaffairsoftheHKSAR.,13,这些时装模特逐渐镇定下来，有了自信。Thesefashionmodelsgraduallycalmeddown,restoredself-confidence;Gradually,thesefashionmodelscalmeddownandregainedself-confidence.这座旅馆能接待300多个旅客。Thishotelcancontain/accommodateoverthreehundredpassengers/guests.,14,学校教育不仅要抓智育，更要重视德育。Schoolsmustprovidestudentsnotonlysoundintellectualtraining,but,moreimportantly,moraldevelopment.,15,2汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来表达，英译时谓语时态要与原文一致；新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。窗户玻璃打破了。在教室里，有人问了老师许多问题。今年要多考几个资格证。,16,据说，他已经去了日本。ItissaidthathehasgonetoJapan.已经达成了多项协议。Alotofagreementshavebeenreached.今年要出台多项新政策。Manynewpolicieswillbeformulatedthisyear.同学们选他做代表，他很高兴。Hisclassmateselectedhimrepresentative,hewasveryglad.这位驾驶员开车时心不在焉，几乎引起一场车祸。Thedriversabsent-mindednessduringhisdrivingnearlycausedatrafficaccident.他从未料到问题会这么复杂。Hehasneverexpectedthattheproblemissocomplicated.,17,3用系表结构作谓语；连系动词之后须带主语补语（Subjectcomplement)Eg:thecapitaloftheUnitedStateswasonceNewYorkCity.Thepuddlegotbiggerthemoreitrained.这些椅子舒适大方，携带方便。Thesechairsarecomfortableandconvenienttocarry.她变得如此温柔和体贴。Shebecomessogentleandconsiderable.在陌生的环境里她感到很不自在。Shedidntfeelcompletelyateaseinthestrangesurroundings.,18,大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。Already,theuniversitysroleasanengineofeconomicgrowthiswellrecognized.我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。Ournationaldefencebecomesmoreandmoreconsolidatoryandpowerful.他在会上说的话非常正确，非常有说服力。Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryrightandpersuasive.他们的言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。Theyareconfidentandproudintheirspeechesandactions.,19,4谓语和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致；当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。Vocationaleducationandadulteducationarebeingpushedonenergeticallyinourcountry.五十英里对我来说是很长一段路程。Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.,20,Eithermybrothersormyfatheris/arecoming.Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagree/agreeswithhim.NeitherJulianorIam/isgoing.Joesnewtrousersare/isblackandwhite.Domesticcattleprovide/providesuswithmilk,beefandhides.Breadandmilkis/areagoodbreakfast.,21,Everyboyandeverygirlinthisroomis/areentitledtoacopy.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfinds/findhimselfandherselfinneed.Mysistersorbrotheris/arelikelytobeathome.Eithermyfatherormybrothersare/iscoming.NeithertheKansascoachnortheplayerswere/wasconfidentofvictory.,22,Twothirdsoftheswamplandhas/havebeenreclaimedforfarming.Forthminusfifteenleaves/leavetwenty-five.Sevenplus/andfivemakes/maketwelve.Allofthecargowas/werelost.Allofthecrewwere/wassaved.,23,5如果在一个句子中有几个动词，就确定一个动词作谓语，其他动词可译作非谓语动词或介词短语。中国观察问题不是看社会制度。Chinadoesnotregardsocialsystemascriterioninitsapproachtoproblems.他告诉我在各种情况下都要保持冷静。Hetoldmetokeepcalmunderallcircumstances.,24,女主人端着几杯葡萄酒走了进来。Thehostesscameinwithseveralglassesofwine.南宁市政府招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来南宁洽谈项目。ThedelegationofinvitinginvestmentofNanningCityhasattractedmanybusinessmenfromSoutheastAsiatoNanningtoholdtalksondifferentprojects.上海采取了一系列优惠政策吸引外资。AseriesofpreferentialpolicieshavebeenadoptedinShanghaitoattractforeigncapital.,25,我看见几朵嫩黄的向日葵，衬托在一片碧蓝的天空里。Isawsomefreshyellowishsunflowersagainstabluesky.,26,6如果不知道原文动作发出者是谁，或原文主语为人们、大家等，或句中含有据说、据传等提法时，译文中谓语常用被动；新改建的城中公园建了许多草坪。Plentyoflawnswerebuiltinthegardensofthenewly-renovatedcityscenters.大家知道盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。Saltisknowntohaveastrongcorrodingeffectonmetals.应该教育孩子讲实话。Childrenshouldbetaughttospeakthetrue.,27,几年前发现了一颗新彗星。Anewcometwasdiscoveredacoupleofyearsago.据说，这条高速公路明年通车。Itissaidthatthishighwaywillbeopentotrafficnextyear.为了欢迎外国贵宾，安排了一场音乐会。Aconcertwaslaidonforthedistinguishedforeignvisitors.,28,汉语句子中否定表达的翻译,29,一汉语否定句汉语中否定概念通过词汇手段来表达，否定句带有否定字词的标记。例如：我不喜欢这部电影。他这样说毫无道理。你得赶紧走，否则会迟到。汉语中也常用“不怎么，不总是，几乎不，几乎没有，不都是，并非所有”等词来表达部分否定。常用“不.没有”“非.不”“非.莫”“不是.不”“决不.没有”等来表达双重否定。,30,二英语否定句英语表达否定概念同样采用词汇手段。如可借助否定词no,never,nor,not,neither等，或具有否定意义的词语，如hardly,rarely,seldom,barely,scarcely,narrowly,few,little等。以及由前缀no-,non-,in-,dis-,un-,im-,和后缀-less等组成的词语。英语中含有否定意义的词汇，还包括其他各类词语和词组：动词：lack,fail,deny,miss,exclude,runshort/outof,keep/stop/refrain/prevent(from),(get)ridof/overlook/deny.名词：absence,exclusion,lack,want,failure,ignorance,denial.,31,WantHewantsthecouragetospeakthetruth.Afterthedisaster,thereweremanywhowantedfoodandshelter.,32,形容词：absent,missing,ignorant,gone,free/far/safefrom,shortof,exclusiveof.介词：beyond,without,above,except,save,but,连词：before,unless,33,也可采用句法手段：RatherthanIthinkIwillhaveacoldratherthanthecoffee.Itismanagementthatisatfaultsratherthantheworkforce.Ratherthanriskbreakinguphismarriage,hetoldhiswifeeverything.,34,OtherthanHeneverspeakstomeotherthantoaskformoney.Shehasnoclosefriendotherthanhim.,35,Morethan.Ilikehermorethanherhusband.Ithadmoretheappearanceofadeliberatecrimethanofanaccident.,36,too.to.Heistooyoungtotakecareofhimself.,37,三以否定形式译之我认为他不够格。Idontthinkheisqualified.我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。Neverhavewebeendauntedbythedifficulties.我对他的情况一无所知。Idontknowanythingabouthim.,38,这房子尽管富丽堂皇，但住起来一点也不舒服。Withallitsmagnificence,thehouseisnotatallcomfortabletolivein.动物没有水不能生存，植物没有水也不能生长。Animalscannotlivewithoutwater,neithercanplantsgrow.中国人口的百分之八十在农村，如果不解决这百分之八十的人的生活问题，社会就不会安定的。EightypercentofChinaspopulationliveintheruralareas.Therewillbenosocialstabilityunlesstheirdailyneedsaremet.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。Ifonedoesnotexertoneselfinyouth,onewillregretitinoldage.,39,四将汉语双重否定译成英语双重否定如果你的学习方法对头，那么在短时间内掌握一门外语并不是不可能。Itisnotimpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithinashortperiodifyouhaveagoodstudymethod.开始学英语时，讲英语不可能不犯错误。AtthebeginningoflearningEnglish,youcantspeakitwithoutmakingmistakes.,40,我几乎没有一天不想念他。HardlyadaygoesbywhenIdontmisshim.巧妇难为无米之炊。Youcantmakesomethingoutofnothing.,41,不看秦始皇兵马俑，不算真正到过中国。AtravelerwhohasnotseentheQinDynastyterracottafigurescannotclaimtohavevisitedChina.NoonewhohasnotseentheQinDynastyterracottafigurescanclaimtohavevisitedChina.,42,五以肯定形式译之：英译时借助含有否定意义的词来传译汉语里的否定意义译成英语中的肯定词语有：freefrom/of,safefrom,ignorantof,independentof,devoidof,foreignto,blindto,differentfrom,lessthan,deadto,impatientof,deficientin,aliento等等。,43,汤姆在这次期末考试中未及格。Tomfailedinthefinalexamination.玛丽不愿意去很远的地方工作。Maryisreluctanttoworkinthefarplace.他无可指责。Heisaboveblame.我们不能让孩子们去河里游泳。Wemustkeepthekidsfromswimmingintheriver.这尊雕像在经历大地震后竟毫发未损，仍然矗立。Thestatuesurvivedthegreatearthquake,remainedintactandwasstillstandingthere.,44,我的朋友都不抽烟。Noneofmyfriendssmokes.那决不是明朝的建筑。ThatisanythingbutabuildingoftheMingDynasty.,45,欲速则不达。Morehaste,lessspeed.人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。Thepeopleistothepeoplesarmywhatwateristofish.没有设备，我们就自己制造。Shortofequipment,wemakeitonourown.女孩儿未出嫁，是颗无价宝珠。Agirlbeforemarriageisapreciouspearl.,46,这位老人还没到医院就死了。Theoldmandiedbefore