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AMaintenanceProgramforabusfleet,LessonsfromaPotentialCDMProjectinIndiaKaushikDeb,TERI,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Structureofthepresentation,ThepolicycontextCDMandtransport:SynergiesKeybarriersTheProjectNeedforaneffectivemaintenanceInspectionSystems:CDMprojectEmissionsavingsCostestimatesLessons,UrbantransportinIndia,LargeurbanpopulationOver1/3in2001Highvehicledensityinurbanareas33%concentratedincitieswith10%population82%arepersonalvehiclesInadequatepublictransportEffectivepublictransportinonly10citiesRailinonly3citiesNourbantransportpolicyDiffusedinstitutionalarrangementsImplicationsforeconomicsustainabilityCitiesareverticesofcontinuedgrowth,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Trendsinvehiclepopulation,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,VehicleOwnership,Cities,VehiclesPer1000Persons,London(1990),Paris(1990),Tokyo(1990),$22,000,$34,000,$37,000,356,383,266,Delhi(1998),$850,200,69,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,DISHA2047Year20195%GDPgrowth,Sundar&Deb(2000)7%GDPgrowth,MoST(1999),Urbantraveldemandprojections,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,VehicularGrowth,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,PolicyresponseinIndia,LargelytechnologybasedresponseVehicleemissionsFuelqualityMandatingalternativefuelsInadequateattentiontodemandmanagementNMTdiscriminatedagainstinresourceLandusedevelopmenthaphazard,notinsyncwithtransportplanningPublictransportnotencouraged,personalvehicleshavebecomemoreaccessible,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Emissionnorms,Newvehicles1991:Firstmassemissionnorms(CO&HC)1995:Catalyticconvertersforcarsin4metros1996:Furthertighteningofnorms(CO,HC&NOx)2000:BharatStageI(EUROI)2001:BharatStageIIinDelhi(EUROII)Sustainedprogress!,Inusevehicles1989:Idleemissionregulation2004:SometighteningPiecemealefforts,NoStatutoryMaintenance&FuelEfficiencyRequirements!,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,GovernmentsAutoFuelPolicy,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Needforaneffectivesystemforinusevehicles,NormsverylaxNoconsistentimprovementLimitedcoverageOnlyidletestsforCO(petrol)Freeaccelerationtestsforsmoke(diesel)LimitedregulatoryabilityEquipmentnotcalibratedNoauditing/trainingWeakmaintenancesystem,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,SynergizingObjectives,GlobalSignificantpotentialforGHGmitigationintransportinIndiaNationalPositiveimpactsonlocalairquality,health&safetyHighpriorityforurbancentresRevenuefromcarboncredits,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,GHGemissionsfromtransport,OECD&IEA2001,1999,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Fuelconsumption&GHGemissionsinUrbanIndia,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Airqualityisaconcern,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Transportcontributes3-22%ofPMemissions,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,FinancialperformanceofpublictransportoperatorsinIndia,Costsper,km,Revenue,perkm,400,600,800,1000,1200,1400,1600,1800,1990,1992,1994,1996,1998,Rupees,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Barriers,BaselinesdataavailabilityuncertainsectoralforecastsLeakagesFuelefficiencyVsVOCsMonitoringandverificationcostsdispersedandlargenumberofmobilesourcesAdditionalityMandateduseofalternativefuelsComprehensiveI&Cregimeproposed,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Projectdescription,ExistingmaintenanceregimeinadequateandprimitiveEvenminorimprovementswouldhavelargebenefitsGHGsavingsfromBettermaintenanceResult:Improvedenergyefficiency.HenceGHGsavings,LocalemissionsbenefitsImpact:RangeestimateofGHGreduction5%improvementinfuelefficiencyinUS(Dasetal2001)5.5%improvementinJakarta(Cornie)12.6%improvementinfuelefficiency(USEPAIM240Program)10-20%improvementinfuelefficiencyinIndia(Dasetal),26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Projectstructure,Projectproponent:ThaneMunicipalTransportUndertakingStatutorypublicbuscompanyOwnedbyThaneMunicipalCorporationMandate:ProvidetransportservicestoThaneActivitiesBusoperationDepotsandterminalsBusmaintenance,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Busfleetcoveredintheprogram,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Maintenancechecklist,VisualsafetytestsSteeringChassisFueltank&pipingEnginemountingsBatteryterminalsetcSeatbeltsLightingOilleakagesLeafsprings,AutomatedsafetytestsHeadlampbeamBrakesSideslipEmissionsVolumetricconcentrationforgasolineOpacityfordiesel,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Designissues,ProjectboundaryGovernmentownedbuscompany.Reducesinstitutionalcomplexitydatarequirements,thusprojectdevelopmentcostsOperationallifetimeLifeofequipment=15yearsCreditingperiod:10yearsReduceduncertaintyMonitoring&verificationFuelconsumptionalreadymonitoreddailyHence,noexpenseonmonitoring,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Emissionsavings:Methodology,GHGemissionsVehiclekmsBaselineprojectionsbasedonExistingtraveltrendsExpectedchangesinemissionfactors,fuelefficienciesIncreasinglystringentnormsImprovedtechnologySustainedimprovementsinefficiency:5%Referenceyears:2005&2015,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,GHGsavings,Baseline,Reductionscenario,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,Projectcosts,NetpresentvalueofprojectUS$0.13millionProjectcostUS$0.54millionCostofCO2US$8.5Substantiallocalbenefits,26August2004,TransportCDMWorkshop,TransportCDMprojects:Lessons,BaselinesCarryoutpilotteststoestimatefuelefficiencygainsLeakagesCaptivefleetwithfixedmobilityIndependentofVOCs,exogenouslydetermineddemandMonitoringandverificationcostsDataalreadymonitoredindependentlyPreexistingstatutoryauditing:CAGAdditionalityComprehensiveI&CregimeproposedinIndiaButnomaintenanceguideline