高考英语阅读理解分类及方法

Welcometomyclass,山东魏桥中学中学郑士勤,阅读理解分类及方法,ReadingComprehension,高考阅读理解命题特点及发展趋势,(一)词汇量加大，阅读速度提高(二)语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加(三)体裁分布比较均匀，题材趋向多样化,阅读理解题型归类及解题技巧,（一）细节理解题（二）词义辨析题（三）推理判断题（四）主旨大意题,（一）细节理解题一般针对某个特定细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解，通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。,解题方法：1.通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及细节。做细节理解题，我们具备细心观察的品质。文章本身的内容是我们答题的唯一依据。2.选用排除法。排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。,Practice,Thecoldisthemostcommonofmansailments.Yetitstumpedthemedicalauthorities.Manyofmoreterriblediseaseshavecomeunderthecontrolofmodernmanastheresultoftheknowledgegainedinthelabofscienceresearch.Investigatorshavethoughtthatthecoldisusuallycausedbyavirus.However,nomethodofstudyingthisvirushasbeendevised.Thechimpanzeeistheonlyanimaltowhichthediseasecanbegivenexperimentally.Theuseofthisanimalislimitedbyitscostandbythefactthatsomanyoftheanimalsdieofpneumoniaduringtheexperiments.Thisleavesforallpracticalpurposesonlyhumanvolunteerstobeusedinresearchprojects.Manyinmatesofprisonshavehelpedinthiswork,butbecauseoftheselimitations,researchintothecauseandcureofcoldhasprogressedveryslowly.,Researchintothecauseandcureofcoldhas_.A.goneaheadveryslowlyB.goneaheadveryquicklyC.beenverycommonD.beenimpossible,Choosethebestanswer,要求正确理解短文中一些关键词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义等。,在做阅读理解时，我们经常会遇到不认识的单词、短语，这个时候我们不要紧张，因为我们会猜。猜词是不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要运用学过的语言知识，运用逻辑思维去正确的猜测。,常见的设问形式有：,1）Theunderlinedwordintheparagraphrefersto/means_.2)Whatdoes“_”inparagraphstandfor/mean?3)whichofthefollowingcouldbestreplace“_”？4)Theexpression/phrase“_”means_.,Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.-thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?,Practice,1.同位法。同位语部分alargebuildinginoldtimes给出了castle的确切词义，即“城堡”。,1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.-thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?,Practice,2.定义法。定语从句中wholooksaftersheep就表明herdsman的词义为牧人。,1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.-thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?,Practice,3.同位法。两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。,1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.-thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?,Practice,4.对比法。but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一节上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向准时的结论。,主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度等。,读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容,注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。,历年高考题中出现的设问形式：Fromthetext,welearnthatthediaryisnowownedby_.(NMET99)Vanvergargesremarksuggeststhat_.(NMET98)Afterreadingthestory,whatcanweinferaboutthehospital?(NMET96)WhatdidGregRotaprobablydointheend?（2004全国）,Doyouknowthefollowingsentences,Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.“Toreducepain,taketwotablets(药片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(缓解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctorsadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.”Itcanbeinferredfromthedirectionsthatthismedicine_.A.helpsyoutofallasleepquicklyB.maybedangeroustosmallchildrenC.cannotbetakenifonefeelssleepyD.shouldntbetakenbychildrenundersix,此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、主题句或主题段、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后归纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节等。,领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。做这类试题需要考生具有总体把握文章的能力，以及善于运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维能力。同时应特别注意的是，一切从文章本身出发，切忌主观臆断。,Whatisthetopicofthetext?(NMET93)Thetextismainlyabout_.(NMET95)Whatsthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(NMET98)Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof_(NMET99)Thewriterspurposeinwritingthisstoryis_.(NMET2000)Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis_.(NMET2000)Whatdoesthetextmainlydescribe?(2004全国,Doyouknowthefollowingsentences,Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.Suchapersonisnotreallyathief.Theyaresickandcannothelpthemselves.Allsmallchildrenactnaturallyandastheygrowuptheynormallylearntocontroltheiractions.Peoplewithkleptomaniaforcertainmedicalreasonshavefailedtodevelopcontrolovertheirdesiretotakethingsthatdonotbelongtothem.Withmedicalhelptheymaybecomenormalcitizensagain.Thethingsthatakleptomaniastealsareseldomofgreatvalue.Theyoftengiveawaywhattheyhavestolenorcollectobjectswithoutusingthem.Q:Whatisthetopicofthetext?A.YoungThieves.B.AnUnusualIllness.C.ReasonsforStealingD.ANormalChildsActions.,B,答题的基本步骤,1.先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，根据不同题型，选用不同阅读方法。,2.细读全文，认真推敲：针对题目的要求，细心阅读与试题有关的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些信息词，它们既是检查的重点，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。,3.复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。,注意事项,1.所选有据，避免主观阅读他人作品，理解他人的意图，必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实细节逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点和看法混为一谈，自以为是。,2.符合原文的答案正确答案最佳答案阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对，但从全文来看则不是最佳的。因此，必须通盘考虑，取主题，舍枝节。,3.解题有法，但无定法，贵在得法。要答好阅读理解题，必须多读、巧读和善于思考。要不断扩大词汇量，拓宽阅读面，提高阅读速度，同时也要探索和总结适合自己方法，实践出真知，多练出效益。,AIenteredhighschoolhavingreadhundredsofbooks.ButIwasnotagoodreader.Merelybookish,IlackedapointofviewwhenIread.Rather,Ireadinordertogetapointofview.Isearchedbooksforgoodexpressionsandsayings,piecesofinformation,ideas,themesanythingtoenrichmythoughtandmakemefeeleducated.Whenoneofmyteacherssuggestedtohissleepytenth-gradeEnglishclassthatapersoncouldnothavea“complicatedidea”untilhehadreadatleasttwothousandbooks,Iheardthewordswithoutrecognizingeitheritsirony(嘲讽)oritsverycomplicatedtruth.ImerelydeterminedtomakealistofallthebooksIhadeverread.Strictwithmyself,IincludedonlyonceatitleImighthavereadseveraltimes.(How,afterall,couldonereadabookmorethanonce?)AndIincludedonlythosebooksoverahundredpagesinlength.(Couldanythingshorterbeabook?)TherewasyetanotherhighschoollistImade.OnedayIcameacrossanewspaperarticleaboutanEnglishprofessoratanearbystatecollege.Thearticlehadalistofthe“hundredmostimportantbooksofWesternCivilization”“Morethananythingelseinmylife,”theprofessortoldthereporterwithfinality,“thesebookshavemademeallthatIam.”ThatwasthekindofwordsIcouldntignore.Ikeptthelistfortheseveralmonthsittookmetoreadallofthetitles.Mostbooks,ofcourse,Ihardlyunderstood.WhilereadingPlatosTheRepublic,forexample,Ineededtokeeplookingattheintroductionofthebooktoremindmyselfwhatthetextwasabout.However,withthespecialpatienceandsuperstition(迷信)ofaschoolboy,Ilookedateverywordofthetext.AndbythetimeIreachedthelastword,pleased,IpersuadedmyselfthatIhadreadTheRepublic,andseriouslycrossedPlatooffmylist.,BWhenpeoplewanttoknowabouttheweather,theyusuallygototheirradios,TVs,newspapers,ortotheInternet.However,youcanalsofindmanyweathersignsamongwildlife,becauseoftheirhighlydevelopedsenses.Dropsinairpressureproduceaneffectonsmallanimalsinmanyways.Miceanddeeraregoodweatherindicators.Peoplewhospendalotoftimeoutdoorshaveobservedthat,beforeastorm,fieldmicecomeoutoftheirholesandrunaround.Deerleavehighgroundandcomedownfromthemountains.Birdsareespeciallygoodweatherindicatorsbecausetheyalsoshowtheeffectofapressuredropinmanyways.Forexample,somebirdsbecomeirritable(急躁的)andquarrelsomeandwillfightoverapieceofbread.Otherbirdsch