被动语态的译法

1,第四章被动语态的译法,七、被动语态的译法法,2,科技英语：被动语态-占13-学术性科技论文写作的最大特点！,3,科技论文关心：行为、活动、作用、事实被动句正是将“行为、活动、作用、事实”等作为主语（主语一般位于句首），从而能立引起读者对所陈述的事实的注意-显示出作者客观性、真实性,4,汉语中的被动处理：,通过“把”或“被”等词体现使用范围远远不及英语-很多情况下汉语都翻译成主动,七、被动语态的译法法,5,被动语态主要有两种译法：,仍译成被动句译为主动句符合汉语习惯,占多数,七、被动语态的译法法,6,1、仍译成被动句,可加译被、供、由、让、给、受、受到、遭、得到、为所、加以、予以等助词，再译谓语（偶尔也可不加任何词而直接译出）,七、被动语态的译法法,7,Theatomictheorywasnotaccepteduntilthelastcentury.原子学说直到上个世纪才为/被人们所接受。,七、被动语态的译法法,8,Naturallightor“white”lightisactuallymadeupofmanycolors.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。,七、被动语态的译法法,9,Otherevaporationprocesseswillbediscussedbriefly其它一些蒸发过程将简单地加以讨论。,七、被动语态的译法法,10,Thelawsofthermodynamicswillbediscussedinthenextarticles热力学定律将在下文予以讨论。,七、被动语态的译法法,11,Purifiedhydrogenispassedoveraliquidmetalhalidehalide：卤化物纯化氢气被通过液态金属卤化物。让/纯化氢气通过液态金属卤化物。,七、被动语态的译法法,12,Earlyfiresontheearthwerecertainlycausedbynature,notbyMan.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。,七、被动语态的译法法,13,Sincemethaneisitsfirstmember，itisalsoknownasthemethaneseries因为甲烷是该系列的第一个成员，因此该系列也被称为甲烷系。,七、被动语态的译法法,14,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.（考研）,15,长句翻译4个步骤,1、结构分析：复合句，定、状、同、插、平行.2、句子拆分：拆为若干部分，逐个理解3、词义推敲：上下文推敲4、检查核对：合并语义，准确、流畅,七、被动语态的译法法,16,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.（考研）,七、被动语态的译法法,17,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.句子：一拆为三主干（黄色）：简单被动asasourceoffundamentalinnovation根本性创新的源泉词：largely很大程度-%Overtheyears多年来philosophersofscience科学哲学家/思想家们,七、被动语态的译法法,18,理科：science文科：arts/liberalart博士：PhilosophyDoctor/Ph.D.哲学博士硕士：masterdegree/M.D.学士：bachelordegree/B.D.,七、被动语态的译法法,19,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.(95考研)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学哲学家们忽视了。,20,七、被动语态的译法法,21,2、译成汉语主动句,主要的方法！,七、被动语态的译法法,22,译成汉语的无主语句,将英语句中的主语译成汉语中的宾语即先译谓语，后译主语(主谓变序)特点：不需要指出动作的发出者是谁,七、被动语态的译法法,23,Measureshavebeentakentodiminishairpollution.一些措施已经被采取了来减小空气污染已经采取了一些措施来减小空气污染。先译谓语，后译主语，主语译成汉语中的宾语,七、被动语态的译法法,24,Muchgreatermagnificationcanbeobtainedwiththeelectronmicroscope.大得多的放大倍数能够通过电子显微镜被获得。使用电子显微镜，能获得大得多的放大倍数。,七、被动语态的译法法,25,Iftheproductisanewcompound，thestructuremustbeprovedindependently如果产物是一个新的化合物，则其结构必须被单独证明。如果产物是一个新的化合物，则必须单独证明其结构。,七、被动语态的译法法,26,译成汉语的有主语句无须加任何词直接译成主动句,当英语被动句中主语为无生命的名词，而且没有by引导，无须加任何词直接译成主动句Thespeedofmoleculesisincreasedwhentheyareheated.当分子受热时，其速度就加快。,七、被动语态的译法法,27,Energyisbeingtransformedfromoneformintoanothereverymoment.每时每刻都有能量在由一种形式变为另一种形式。,七、被动语态的译法法,28,可加译“人们、我们、大家、有人”等主语,动词带宾语或宾语补足语的被动时，原句主语变为宾语。Theworkerswereseenrepairingthemachine有人看见过这些工人在修理机器。,七、被动语态的译法法,29,Potassiumandsodiumareseldommetintheirnaturalstate.(我们)很少见到/遇到自然状态的钾和钠。,七、被动语态的译法法,30,Ifoneormoreelectronsareremoved，theatomissaidtobepositivelycharged如果原子的一个或多个电子被除去，那么该原子就被说成是带正电荷。如果原子失去了一个或多个电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。,七、被动语态的译法法,31,Themetal，ironinparticular，isknowntobeanimportantmaterialinengineering金属，特别是铁，被了解到是工程方面的重要材料。大家知道，金属，特别是铁，是工程方面的重要材料。,七、被动语态的译法法,32,用英语句中的动作者作汉语中的主语,Thecomplicatedproblemwillbesolvedbythem这个复杂的问题会被他们解决。他们将会/会解决这个复杂的问题。,七、被动语态的译法法,33,Theplanetsareheldtogetherbyattractiveforces.行星被引力聚在一起。引力把行星聚积在一起。,七、被动语态的译法法,34,将一个适当成分译作汉语句中的主语,Thestudentshavebeenansweredallthequestions.学生们已被回答了全部的问题。学生们的问题已全部得到回答。,七、被动语态的译法法,35,Theoxidesofnitrogenareabsorbedinwatertogivenitricacid.氮氧化物被吸收在水中形成硝酸水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸。,七、被动语态的译法法,36,在原主语前加“把、将、使、给等词,Absorptionprocessisthereforeconvenientlydividedintotwogroups：physicalprocessandchemicalprocess吸收过程因此被简单地分为两类：物理过程和化学过程。因此，可以将吸收过程简单地分为两类：物理过程和化学过程。,七、被动语态的译法法,37,Hydrochloricacid(HCl)wasaddedtothesolutiontoenhanceacidity将盐酸加到溶液中以增强酸性。,七、被动语态的译法法,38,将被动语态译成“是的、对进行”,Thesolutionisfilteredtorecovertheprecipitation.对/将溶液进行过滤可回收沉淀。,七、被动语态的译法法,39,Analdehydeispreparedfromthedehydrogenationofanalcoholandhencethenamealdehyde醛醛是从醇脱氢而制备的，并因此而得名。,七、被动语态的译法法,40,被动意义译成主动意思,Inthereactionboththeacidandthebaseareneutralizedformingwaterandsalt反应中，酸与碱被中和而形成水和盐。反应中，酸与碱中和而形成水和盐。,七、被动语态的译法法,41,Thekindsofactivitieswhichtheorganicchemistengagemaybegroupedinthefollowingway有机化学工作者所从事的活动可以按照下列方法归类。,42,练习例,Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.,43,Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems主干：一分为3，原因，让步Exclude：与include相反Accomplish：完成contributeto：捐献-有助于、有利于Solution:解决办法；溶液chargedwith：控告有关承担最难点！Approaching：接近,逼近触及Factual：事实的factnotanybut：only-仅仅,44,Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务。改进：我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。（但他还没承担起研究道德问题事实方面以外的任何责任）,45,练习例,TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.05年,46,TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.复杂句：定从，被动，倒装Means：bymeansperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuch：词性、语序的转换从来也没有起过如此大的作用从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用,47,TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.电视是制造和传播这种情绪的媒介之一，在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用,48,练习例,Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.99年,49,Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.拆分为三Augment：增加,增大-充实Methodology：方法学，additionalmethodologies：新方法designedto：用来thenewformsofevidence：新的证据形式,50,Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法,51,七、被动语态的译法法,52,3、常见的it被动句型的翻译模式,常见的句型是Itisdonethat其中It作形式主语，that引导出主语从句另一种常见的句型是.bedoneas.该种被动结构引出主语补语。-已有习惯的译法,53,Itisdonethat格式翻译成汉语的主动句,Itisassertedthat有人主张/声称/断言Itisbelievedthat有人认为Itisgenerallyconsideredthat大家(一般人)认为,54,Itiswellknownthat大家知道(众所周知)Itwillbesaid有人会说Itwastoldthat有人曾经说,七、被动语态的译法法,55,Itisconsideredthat人们认为Itisstressedthat有人强调说Itisunderstoodthat人们/大家都明白；不用说；当然,56,Itisnoticedthat人们注意到Ithasbeenobjectedthat.有人反驳Itissuggestedthat有人建议,57,翻译成汉语的无主句,Itishopedthat希望Itisreportedthat据报道Itissaidthat据说Itissupposedthat据推测,58,Itmustbeadmittedthat必须承认Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出Itwillbeseenfromthisthat由此可见Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat可以毫不夸张地说,59,Ithasbeenfoundthat已经发现；实践证明Itissupposedthat据推测：假定Itmustberealizedthat必须了解(认识、明白)Itmustbekeptinmindthat.必须记住,七、被动语态的译法法,60,Itispreferredthat最好Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat通常认为：一般公认Itcanbeforeseenthat可以预料Itcannotbedeniedthat无可否认,七、被动语态的译法法,61,.bedoneas.格式翻译时加上“被”等,Itisknownas被称为、叫做Itisspokenofas被说成是Itisconsideredas被认为是；被看为-经常使用,七、被动语态的译法法,62,Itisdescribedas被描述成Itisacceptedas被承认/接受为Itisthoughtofas被认为：被当作Itisdefinedas被下定义为;定义是,63,64,练习例子,Mostofthequestionshavebeensettledsatisfactorily，onlythequestionofwhenthetransplantingwilltakeplaceremainstobeconsidered.,65,Mostofthequestionshavebeensettledsatisfactorily，onlythequestionofwhenthetransplantingwilltakeplaceremainstobeconsidered.Settle：安排，解决参考：大部分问题已圆满解决，只剩下何时进行该移植手术问题有待讨论,66,例,Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyages，buttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.,67,Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyages，buttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.2005分析:but并列句，主从itisknown-“众所周知shrink：收缩，(使)皱缩，萎缩Age：年龄增长Mental：精神的,智力的mentalability：智力,68,Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyages，buttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.2005译文:众所周知，大脑随着年龄的增长而萎缩，但是这对智力方面的影响却因人而异。,69,Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.,70,Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.,71,Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebei