翻译理论(英文)PPT课件

.,1,TRANSLATIONTHEORY,Dr.MashadiSaid(SecretaryofMastersPrograminTranslationofGunadarmaUniversity,Jakarta)Drs.InEnglishLiteratureandEducation,1984PostGraduateDiplomainAppliedLinguistics,1990MagisterinEnglishEducation,1994PhD.inEnglishEducation,1998,.,2,1.Whatistranslation?,a.Translationconsistsoftransferringthemeaningofthesourcelanguagetextintothereceptorlanguagetext.,.,3,Whatistranslation?,B.Catford(1965:20)Translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage.(Penerjemahanadalahpenggantianmateritekstualdalamsuatubahasadenganmateritekstualyangpadandalambahasalain.,.,4,Whatistranslation?,C.Translatingconsistsofreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle(NidaandTaber,1982),.,5,Whatistranslation?,D.Translationisthegeneraltermreferringtothetransferofthoughtsandideasfromonelanguage(source)toanother(target),whetherthelanguagesareinwrittenororalform;whetherthelanguageshaveestablishedorthographiesordonothavesuchstandardizationorwhetheroneorbothlanguagesisbasedonsigns,aswithsignlanguagesofthedeaf(Brislin,1976),.,6,Whatistranslation?,E.TranslationisaprocessoffindingaTLequivalentforanSLutterance.(Pinhuhuck,1977:38)F.Translationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage.(Newmark,1981:7),.,7,Whatistranslation?,G.(McGuire,1980:2)Translationinvolvestherenderingofasourcelanguage(SL)textintothetargetlanguage(TL)soastoensurethat(1)thesurfacemeaningofthetwowillbeapproximatelysimilarand(2)thestructureoftheSLwillbepreservedascloselyaspossible,butnotsocloselythattheTLstructurewillbeseriouslydistorted.,.,8,Whatistranslation?,H.TranslationisatransferprocesswhichaimsatthetransformationofawrittenSLtextintoanoptimallyequivalentTLtext,andwhichrequiresthesyntactic,thesystematicandthepragmaticunderstandingandanalyticalprocessingoftheSL(WilssandNoss,1982).,.,9,Whatistheprocessoftransferringthemeaningintothereceptorlg.text?,Translationconsistofstudyingthelexicon,grammaticalstructure,communicationsituation,andculturalcontextofthesourcelanguagetext,analyzingitinordertodetermineitsmeaning,andthenreconstructingthissamemeaningusingthelexiconandgrammaticalstructurewhichareappropriateinthereceptorlanguageanditsculturalcontext.,.,10,Whatarethecharacteristicsoflanguagewhichaffecttranslation?,Meaningcomponentsare“packaged”intolexicalitems,buttheyarepackageddifferentlyinonelanguagethaninanother.Manytimesasinglewordinthesourcelanguagewillneedtobetranslatedbyseveralwords.Itischaracteristicoflanguagethatthesamemeaningcomponentwilloccurinseveralsurfacestructurelexicalitems(forms).,.,11,Itisfurthercharacteristicsoflanguagesthatoneformwillbeusedtorepresentseveralalternativemeaning.Wholesentencesmayalsohaveseveralfunctions.Aquestionformmaybeusedforanonquestion.Asinglemeaningmaybeexpressedinavarietyofforms.,Whatarethecharacteristicsoflanguagewhichaffecttranslation?,.,12,Whatisthegoalofatranslator?,Thegoalofatranslatorshouldbetoproduceareceptorlanguagetext(translation),whichisidiomatic;thatis,onewhichhasthesamemeaningasthesourcelanguagebutisexpressedinthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage.Themeaning,nottheform,isretained.,.,13,Isitnecessarytochangetheformwhentranslating?,Anythingthatcanbesaidinonelanguagecanbesaidinanother.Itispossibletotranslate.Thegoalofthetranslatoristokeepthemeaningconstant.Whenevernecessary,thereceptorlanguageformshouldbechangedinorderthatthesourcelanguagemeaningnotbedistorted.Sinceameaningexpressedbyaparticularforminonelanguagemaybeexpressedbyquiteadifferentforminanotherlanguage,itisoftennecessarytochangetheformwhentranslating.Itisnotuncommonthatpassiveconstructionswillneedtobetranslatedwithanactiveconstructionorviceversa,dependingonthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage.,.,14,WhatisliteralTranslation?,Literaltranslationorform-basedtranslationattempttofollowtheformofthesourcelanguage.,.,15,Whatisidiomatictranslation?,Idiomatictranslationormeaning-basedtranslationsmakeseveryefforttocommunicatethemeaningofthesourcelanguagetextinthenaturalformsofthereceptorlanguage.Thebasicoverridingprincipleisthatanidiomatictranslationreproducesthemeaningofthesourcelanguage(thatis,themeaningintendedbytheoriginalcommunicator)inthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage.,.,16,Howdoesatranslatorknowthatheissuccessfulinhistranslationtask?,Hewillknowthatheissuccessfulifthereceptorlanguagereadersdonotrecognizehisworkasatranslationatall,butsimplyasatextwritteninthereceptorlanguagefortheirinformationandenjoyment.,.,17,Howdoesatranslatormakehistranslationasdynamicastheoriginaltext?,Forthetranslationtohavethesamedynamicsastheoriginal,itwillneedtonaturalandeasytounderstandsothatthereaderswillfinditeasytograspthemessage,includingboththeinformationandtheemotionaleffectintendedbythesourcelanguagewriter.,.,18,Whatisnon-equivalence?,Non-equivalenceatwordlevelmeansthatthetargetlanguagehasnodirectequivalentforawordwhichoccursinthetext.,.,19,Whynon-equivalence?,Culture-specificconcepts(Religiousbelief,asocialcustom,oratypeoffoodandtools).,.,20,Howdowehandleanon-equivalence,Translationbyamoregeneralword(superordinate)Translationbyamorenatural/lessexpressivewordTranslationbyculturalsubstitutionTranslationusingaloanwordorloanwordplusexplanation,.,21,TranslationbyparaphraseusingarelatedwordTranslationbyparaphraseusingunrelatedwordsTranslationbyomissionTranslationbyillustration,Howdowehandleanon-equivalence,.,22,Howdoweestablishatranslationproject?,Thereareanumberofmatterswhichincludethetext,thetarget,theteam,andthetoolswhichneedtobeclearlyunderstoodbeforebeginningatranslationproject.,.,23,TextreferstothesourcelanguagedocumentwhichistobetranslatedTargetreferstotheaudience.Forwhomisthetrans