英语语言学1ppt课件

.,Chapter3:Morphology,Thestudyofwords,.,3.1Introductions:,U.S.fastfoodgiantMcDonaldsCorpsaidonTuesdayitwouldgiveitsChineseemployeestheirfirstacross-the-boardpayrise.Hespokeinalook-whos-talkingtone.,.,3.1Introductions:,Hedefinitelyfollowshisphilosophyofanti-internationalization.anti-internationalizationism,.,3.1Introductions:,WallStreetcappedahugeweekwithasharpadvanceFridayafterthegovernmentsemploymentreportforSeptemberanditsrevisionofAugustsdatacooledthemarketsfearsofarecession.Along-timeNixonbacker,heassumesadawkstanceontheproblem.,.,TeachingContents:,1.Whatisword?2.Whatismorpheme?3.Theformationofwords,.,DefinitionofMorphology,Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.(胡壮麟，2001：84）,.,3.2,TheancientGreekphilosopherAristotledefinedwordsas“thesmallestsignificantunitsofspeech”.,Whatisword?,.,3.2Whatisword?,Wordisaunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.(说母语的人对词有种普遍的自觉识别能力)(胡壮麟，2001：76）,.,3.2Whatisword?,Wordisaminimalfreeform.Q:Couldyoufindoutsomewordswhichnever,byitself,constitutecompleteutterances?e.g.-Whatismissinginasentencesuchas“Dogisbarking”?-A.,.,3.3,Amorphemeisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.(胡壮麟，2001：84）,Whatismorpheme?,.,3.3Whatismorpheme?,Morphemeistheminimallinguisticsign,agrammaticalunitinwhichthereisanarbitraryunionofasoundandameaningandthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed.dog(onemorpheme)catworkeranti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism,.,FillinDiagramA,Morpheme,(),(),(),(),openclass,closedclass,.,Assignment1:PleasecollecttheinflectionalmorphemesinEnglishandcategorizethemwithexamples.,Inflectionalmorpheme,noun+,verb+,adj.+,.,Findoutthecommonfactorineachgroup,describescriptprescribeinscribe,dictionarydictationpredictiondictographdictum,audibleaudienceaudiometerauditorauditorium,visualvisiblevisitvision,.,DiagramBtoclassifymorphemes,Morpheme,free,bound,freeroot,inflectionalaffixes,derivationalaffixes,prefixes,suffixes,boundroot,.,3.3.3root,affixandstem,Rootsareeitherfreeorbound:(a)Freeroots:InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes.Freeroots,likefreemorpheme,canoccuraloneandhavethesamefeaturesasfreemorphemeswhichprovidetheEnglishlanguagewithabasisfortheformationofnewwords.,.,3.3.3root,affixandstem,(b)Boundroots:Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,especiallyfromGreekandLatin,belongtotheclassofboundmorphemes.InmodernEnglishtheyarenotwords,andsoarenotfreemorphemes;theycannotexistontheirown.e.g.tainincontain,detain,retainceiveinconceive,deceive,perceiveAssignment2:Collectboundrootsinreadingandworkouttheirmeanings.,.,AnalyzethefollowingwordsaccordingtoDiagramB,monogamistundesirablesreviversdenationalizedsubculturalantiaudiencepro-slaverycomputerizationexboyfriendsperceptional,.,3.4Morphsandallomorphs,Morphsarethesmallestmeaningfulphoneticsegmentsofanutteranceonthelevelofparole.morpheme(langue)morph(parole)Morphsarethephonological(spoken)ororthographic(written)formswhichrealizemorphemes,andtheyareminimalcarriersofmeaning.,.,3.4Morphsandallomorphs,effectiveineffectivelogical-illogicalpolite-impoliteregularirregularInmorphemictranscription,morphemesintheabstractionareputbetweenbraceslike.E.g.-in-il-im-ir,.,3.4Morphsandallomorphs,Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphdependingonthecontextinwhichtheyoccur.Thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms,knownasallomorph.Thedifferentmorphsofthesamemorphemearecalledallomorphs.,.,3.4Morphsandallomorphs,Definition:Anallomorphisamemberofasetofmorphswhichrepresentthesamemorpheme.Allomorphsarephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthesamemorpheme.,.,3.4Morphsandallomorphs,Q:Whyisinsomeinstancesonemorphemerealizedbyseveralallomorphs?A:regressiveassimilationAfollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound.,.,3.5Typesofwordformation,Wordformationorwordbuildingreferstothecreationofnewwords.Thevariouswordformationprocessescanbeclassifiedonthebasisoftheirfrequencyofusageintomajorandminorprocesses.,.,3.5Typesofwordformation,Themajorprocessescanbemainlyfurthersubclassifiedintothecompositionaltype(compounding,about27%)andthederivationaltype(derivation,about17.5%).Theminorprocessesincludeconversion(about10.5%),backformation(about1%),clipping(about2%),blending(about6%),acronymandinitialism(about9%).,.,3.5.1Compounding,Compoundingisthewayofbuildingnewwordsbyputtingtwowordstogether.Bymeansofcompounding,twofreemorphemesarecombinedtoformacompound.,.,3.5.1Compounding,compound=thefirstelement+thesecondthemainstresstheheadtheclassblackbird=black+bird,.,Note1:Thedevelopmentofcompounds,Theyfaceadamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-dontchoice.Imadealets-be-friendsspeechtomyexboyfriend.(SexandtheCity)Hetookdelightinlaundry-listingthecompanymanagersscandals.,.,Note2:Themeaningofcompounds,Icandonothingexceptforswimminginthedogdays.Theworldbeingsochanged,thedescendentsoftheblue-bloodofthenineteenthcenturyareforcedtoselltheantiques.SofarIhavepress-shown18films.BankruptlawyerBankruptcylawyer,.,ThreePatternsofCompounds,nouncompound:Nounstendtodenotetime-stablethings,whereasverbsandadjectivesdenoteaclassofnon-stable,temporalrelations.n.+n.:steamboat(steampowerstheboat)v.+n.:pickpocket(topickpockets)a.+n.:highchair(aspecialtallchairthatayoungchildrensitstoeat),.,ThreePatternsofCompounds,verbcompound:verbcompoundsusuallydenoteaneventintheheadofthecompound,andthefirstelementsuggestscircumstancesinwhichtheeventtakesplace.n.+v.manhandle(tohandlebyman)v.+v.sleep-walk(towalkinsleep)adj.+v.highlight(tolightwithhighlight),.,ThreePatternsofCompounds,Adjectivecompounds:theheadoftheadjectivecompoundsisfurtherspecifiedbythefirstelement.n.+adj.snow-white(aswhiteassnow)v.+adj.stir-crazy(crazytotheextremelynervousdegree)adj.+adj.dark-blue(theblueisverydark),.,Assignment3:Pleaseindicatethedifferentrelationsoftheelementsofthecompoundsbysyntacticparaphrases:,Examples:duty-free:freefromdutyraindropflowerbedsea-greensilkwormfaultfindingawell-behavedpersonacomputer-designerwar-ruinedhousespeace-lovingpeople,.,3.5.2OtherTypesofWordFormation,1.Conversiona.VtoNinka(contract)b.NfromV(abuilding)permitc.VfromAdirty(ashirt),.,2.Backformationattritionattritorationorat3.Clippingprofessorprofphysicaleducationphys-ed,.,4.Blendingbreakfast+lunchbrunchinformation+commercialinformercial5.AcronymsandInitialismUNICEFUnitedNationsInternationalChildrensEmergencyFund,.,1.Fillintheblanks,1._isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.2._morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.3.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesand_affixes.4.Takeisthe_oftaking,takenandtook.5.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:_and_root.,.,6.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongsto_class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto_class.7._isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.8._isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.,.,2.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsatetrueTorfalseF.,1.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.2.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.3.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-class.4.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofconversion.,.,5.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.6.Allrootsarefreeandallaffixesarebound.7.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorp