英语句法结构PPT课件

英语句法概论,1,.,英语句子概论,基本成分附属成分独立成分省略成分连接成分,简单句并列句复合句,2,.,主语不及物动词（S+Vi）主语及物动词宾语(S+Vt+O)主语系动词表(S+LV+predicative)主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语宾补动词宾语宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+O.complement)There+be/stand/lie/live.,简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,3,.,nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitive,Noun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.,nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.,4,.,主语不及物动词Shecame/Myheadaches.主语及物动词宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语系动词主语补语Sheishappy主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语ShegaveJohnabookSheboughtabookforme.主语宾补动词宾语宾语补语ShemakeshermotherangryTheteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.Practice,简单句基本句型实例,5,.,主语：是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词，代词,动词不定式,动名词,从句等,主语一般在句首。,1)Mr.Chenisawell-knownscientist.2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.3)Twoandsixiseight.4)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.5)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.6)Whatweshalldonextisnotyetdecided.,6,.,谓语:说明主语的动作，状态或特征。,1)Thenewtermbeginsonthe1stofSeptember.2)Herfatherisanengineer.3)Sheseemedtired.4)LiHuashowedmehisalbum.,7,.,宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物.,1)WangLinglentmeanoveltoreadinthebus.2)Themedicineisgoodforacough.3)Howmanynotebooksdoyouwant?4)Mylittlesisteralwayslikestoaskquestions.5)Wouldyoumindcomingearliertomorrow?6)HeaskedmewhatIwasgoingtodoinsummer.,8,.,宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.,1)Thegovernmentappointedherchiefdelegatetotheconference.2)Idontbelievethestorytrue.3)Youshouldputyourthingsinorder.4)Thedoctoradvisedhertostayinbedforaweek.5)Wesawthepupilsplayingbasketball.,9,.,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。（状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。）同位语：名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，可以是名词，代词或从句，近乎于后置定语。,10,.,定语Tomisahandsomeboy.PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearbyHisboyneedsTomspen.TheboyintheclassroomneedsapenShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrationsHaveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports.,11,.,JohnoftencametochatwithmeJohnlikesorangesverymuchWheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangryHearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidntcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.Youdbetterstayhere.,状语,12,.,同位语Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.Thenewsthatheisleavingspreadsaround.,(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）,(all是we的同位语）,（that从句是news的同位语）,13,.,Examples:Oh！Whatisthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagainComehere，John（呼语）Rollon，Ocean，rollon,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分,14,.,（You）Comehere（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggsHerunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,15,.,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分,16,.,用符号标出下列句子的成分：,1)Isawyouruncleintheshopyesterday.2)HerfatherbecameaPartymemberin1950.3)Tosleeponaspringbedisverycomfortable.4)Mr.HopkinsteachesMaryEnglish.5)Shefindsithardtolearnmaths.,=,(),17,.,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述提出一个问题发出一种命令或请求表示一种感叹,Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!,18,.,简单句的基本词序,主语动词部分宾语状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapolicecar.,19,.,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。Iboughtaraincoatwithawarmlining.Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforesevenoclock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyounggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy.,20,.,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、notonlybutalso等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.HissecretaryisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.HissecretaryisntflyingtoYork.NeitherthebossnorhissecretaryisflyingtoYork.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,21,.,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一个简单句。ImetJane.Imetherhusband.ImetJaneandherhusband.ImetbothJaneandherhusband.Itwascold.Itwaswet.Itwascoldandwet.IdidntmeetJane.Ididntmeetherhusband.IdidntmeeteitherJaneorherhusband.ImetneitherJanenorherhusband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。Wesangallnight.Wedancedallnight.Wesanganddancedallnight.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,22,.,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidntcatchathing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didntcatchathing.,23,.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,notonlybutalso,neithernor,andthen,but,however,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,neithernor,24,.,并列句,并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。,主语谓语宾语连词主语动词表语Jimmyfelloffhisbikebut(he)wasnthurt.,五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。,主谓状（方式）连主谓表Frankworkedhardand(he)becameanarchitect.主谓宾连主谓地点Ivegotacold,soImgoingtobed.主谓宾宾补连主谓宾Theymadehimchairman,but(they)didntincreasehissalary.,25,.,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,Hewastired,sohewenttobed.,1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.,2.Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.,3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidntkeepit.,Hemadeapromise,butHedidntkeepit.,Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.,26,.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句,复合句,27,.,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.定语从句5.状语从句6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句定语从句,28,.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Hetoldme,thenews.,thatthematchhadbeencancelled.,宾语,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.,thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,whenhewasleavingforParis.,thathisfatheredwasworkinginthatschool.,宾语从句,29,.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Idontknow,him.,Hehasfinishedhiswork,thathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.,宾语从句,HeisleavingforWashington.,thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.,30,.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,thepeople,surprised,That,Whathesaidwhathedid,主语,Thathedidntknowtheanswer,intheroom.,定语,whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.,31,.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,That,is,thefact.,表语,whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.becausehewasill.whathashappened.,32,.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Heworked,inthatfactory,threeyearsago.,地点状语,时间状语,wherehisfatherworked,inthatfactory,whereIlived,whenhelivedthere,Hisfatherworkedthere.,Ilivedthere.,Helivedtherethreeyearsago.,33,.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Putthebook,onthedesk.,whereyoutookit.,whereitwas.,地点状语,whereyoufoundit.,Youcantcamp,here.,wheretherearealotoftrees.,whereveryoulike.,34,.,指出下列各从句的类型,Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,35,.,用所给连词连接句子。,Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why),Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.,Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when),IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.,将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。,Practice,Hedidntcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因),Hedidnt