元音和辅音的声学特征(丁红卫)

元音和辅音的声学特征,1,元音和辅音的声学特征,Dr.HongweiDing丁红卫,Introduction,IntroductiontophoneticsHumanspeechmechanismRepresentingthesoundsofspeechThelarynx,voicingandvoicequalityVowelsApproximantsPlosivesFricativesNasals,2,元音和辅音的声学特征,1.Introductiontophonetics,感觉神经,说话人,听话人,言语链,动觉神经,发音肌肉,反馈链环,言语声波,感觉神经,耳,耳,脑,语言学,生理学,声学,生理,语言学,3,元音和辅音的声学特征,1.Whatisphonetics,Phonology:StudyofsoundsystemPhonetics:Studyofthesoundsofspeech,physical,directlyobservableSometimesnotproperlyaslinguistic,becauseofphysicalmanifestation.Languageisabstract.,4,元音和辅音的声学特征,1.Whatisphonetics,Speechcanbestudies:Articulatorphonetics(howspeechsoundsaremadeinthebody)Acousticphonetics(thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsthataremade)Perception:(whathappenstothespeechsignaloncethesoundwavereachesthelistenersear),5,元音和辅音的声学特征,2.Humanspeechmechanism,Complexityofspeechsounds:Breathing:Pulmonic(肺的),Egressive(外呼的)Thelarynx(喉)andvoicing(调声):Vocalfolds,glottis(声门)Airflow:Central&lateral,Oral&nasalairflow(velum盖膜)Placeofarticulation:Bilabial,Labiodental,Dental,Alveolar,Postalveolar,Retroflex,coronal,Palatal,Velar,Uvular,Pharyngeal,Glottal,Mannerofarticulation:Stop,Fricative,Resonantarticulations,6,元音和辅音的声学特征,2.Humanspeechmechanism,Cross-sectionofthevocaltract,7,元音和辅音的声学特征,3.Representingthesoundsofspeech,Twowaystorepresentanephemeral(短暂的),time-bound(时间界限的)phenomenon,sothatitisavailableinpermanentform.PhonetictranscriptionAcousticrepresentation,8,元音和辅音的声学特征,3.1AcousticPhonetics,Airflowthroughvocaltract,Changesofairpressure,Earspickupperturbations,Earsconvertphysicalmovementsintoelectricalsignals,Electricalsignalsaresenttobrain,9,元音和辅音的声学特征,3.1AcousticPhonetics,Changesofairpressure,Acousticphonetics,Static&unchangingpictures,Waveforms,Spectrograms,波形图,语图,10,元音和辅音的声学特征,3.1.1Waveformandspectrogram,Spectrogram:called“voiceprints”providemorecomplexinformationthanwaveforms,11,元音和辅音的声学特征,3.1.2Typesofsounds,Fig.:Threetypesofsound,Sound,Transient,Periodic,Aperiodic,Continuous,12,元音和辅音的声学特征,Periodicsounds,Fig.:Word“spend”withperiodic,aperiodicandtransientsounds,Verticalstriation:Openingofvocalfolds,Distinctformantstructure,700Hz,1800Hz,2800Hz,13,元音和辅音的声学特征,Periodicsounds,Fig.:Expendedversion,Fundamentalfrequency(f0):Numberofcyclespersecond,measuredinHertz(Hz)10.5cyclesin0.1secondF0=105Hz,14,元音和辅音的声学特征,Periodicsounds,Formant:NaturalresonanceofvocaltractFrequenciesamplifiedaredeterminedbysizeandshapeofvocaltractDependsonpositionoftongue,velum,lips,Distinctformantstructure,15,元音和辅音的声学特征,Aperiodic,continuoussounds,NorepetitionAmplitudevariesrandomly,Fig.:Waveformofavoicelessfricative,/s/,16,元音和辅音的声学特征,Transientsounds,StartofdLastslessthan30msAnabruptstart,thenfadesaway,Fig.:Transientportion(T)forinitialplosiveofspend,17,元音和辅音的声学特征,3.2Representationinphonetics,Transcriptions:representmanyimportantdetailsofspeechofawholecommunityofspeakersAcousticrepresentations:capturedetailsandfactsaboutoneutteranceononeoccasionbyonespeakerSubjectiveMoreofascience,lessofanartLesssubjective,dependson:thewaytheacousticsignalisprocessedthewaythespectrogramsaredrawnPutvariousphoneticdescriptiontogether,aricherunderstandingofthenatureofhumanspeech,18,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.Thelarynx,voicingandvoicequality,Voicing:vocalfoldsvibrateVocalfolds:Locatedinlarynx,4.1Productionofvoicing,19,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.Thelarynx,voicingandvoicequality,Larynxconsistsofthreemaincartilages(软骨):Thyroid(tc甲状腺)Cricoid(cc环状软骨)Arytenoid(ac杓状软骨),4.1Productionofvoicing,20,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.2Howvocalfoldsvibrate,Vocalfoldsopen,airpassunimpeded:VoicelessVocalfoldsvibrate:VoicedVibrationofvocalfoldscaused:NotonlybycommandsofbrainButalsobyrighttensionacrossthefoldsCycleofopeningandclosing:Bernoullieffect伯努利效应,21,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.3Fundamentalfrequency,Rateofvocalfoldvibrationisaffected:TensionacrossthefoldAirpressurebelowthefoldPitch:PerceptratherthanphysicaleventRelationshipbetweenpitchandfundamentalfrequencyNotlinearButlogarithmicLinear:differencesame100Hz-200Hz,300Hz-400HzLogarithmic:100Hz-200Hz(1:2),300Hz-400Hz(1:1.5),22,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.3Fundamentalfrequency,Lowestpitch80Hz,highest585Hz,average220Hz,F0onalinearscale,200-300-400-500,23,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.3Fundamentalfrequency,Lowestpitch80Hz,highest585Hz,average200Hz,F0onalogarithmicscale,100:200=200:400=1:2,24,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.4PhrasingandIntonation,Fig.:hello(1),hello(2),hello(3)there,25,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.5Voicequality,Speakerscancontrolthewayofvibration(voicequality).Speakersofcertaingroupsshareacommonvoicequality.Modalvoice:regularvibrationBreathyvoice(气化嗓音):incompleteclosureofVFCreakyvoice(紧喉音):ClosurealongVF,anopeningatthefrontendFoldsarelooselypressedtogetherIrregularvibrationWhisper:NarrowingVF,glottisnotclosed,foldsnotvibrateFalsetto(假声):AverageF0beyondnormalrangeStretchVF,glottisnotcompletelyclosed,26,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.5Voicequality,Qualityofsound:calledtimbreAvoicemaysoundsharp,mellow,squeakyDifferencesofvoiceareduetofunctionaldifferencesinlarynxandvocalfoldsconsciousmodulationofthevoiceLimitsofaspeakerspitcharedeterminedbySize,lengthandtensenessofvocalfoldsLongervocalfoldsvibrateslowerthanshorterTenserandthinnerfasterthanrelaxedandthickerThefasterthevibration,thehigherthepitch,27,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.5Voicequality,LengthofvocalfoldsvarieswithspeakersbodysizeAtbirth:around3mmAdultfemales:between12and17mmAdultmale:17to25mmVocalfoldvibrationvariesbetweendifferentspeakersVerylowpitch:ca.60to80cycles/sFemalevoices:150-250cycles/sMalevoices:100-150cycles/sAsmallchildsvoice:ca.800cycles/sVocalfoldvibrationneverregular,butnotperceptibleNoticeableinoldspeakers,voicebetraysage,28,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.5Voicequality,TimbreandpitchlimitedbybiologicalfactorsspeakersarefreetomodulatetheirvoicesChangesinpitch:(listentosound)linguisticreasons:question,statementnon-linguisticreasons:imitate,appearseriousbymodifyinglengthandtensenessofVFphysiologicallyinterplaybythyroarytenoid,vocalic,cricothyroidmusclesSinging:pitchchange,pitchrangeenlargedfromchestregister(VF:short&thick)tohighfalsetto(VF:long&thin)Professionalsinging:trainmiddleregistertosmoothchange,29,元音和辅音的声学特征,Fivemodesofphonationvoicevoicelessnesswhisperbreathyvoicecreaky,Fig.:Vocalfoldsduringtheproductionofthevoicedsound(left)andvoicelesssound(right),4.5Voicequality,30,元音和辅音的声学特征,Breathyvoice:pullVFsslightlyapart,makethemvibrateCreakyvoice:SomeEnglishspeakersproducecreakyvoiceattheendofutterancewithfallingpitch.arytenoidcartilagesheldtightlytogether,VFsonlyvibrateatthefrontendlowsubglottalpressure,VFvibration30-50cycles/s,Fig.Vocalfoldsduringtheproductionofcreakyvoice.Vocalfoldsarepressedtogether.Vibrationoccursonlyinthefront.,4.5Voicequality,31,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.5Voicequality,Fivemodesofphonationvoicevoicelessnesswhisperbreathyvoicecreak,Vocalfoldsduringwhisper(left)anbreathyvoice(right).Thearytenoidsleaveasmallopening.Thevocalfoldsonlyvibrateinbreathyvoice.,Listentoanexampleofbreathyvoice,creakyvoiceandwhisper,32,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.5Voicequality,Breathyvoice:soft,quiet,female,advertsforchocolate“ahappyholiday”accompaniedwithbreathinessCreakyvoice:Slowervibrationthannormal,associatedwithlowf0Whisper:Speakquietly,orsecretivelyFalsetto:UsedinsingingUsedinnormalconversationtomarkanattitudewhichisextremetoexpresssurprise,noteworthy,strange,canbenegativeorpositive,33,元音和辅音的声学特征,4.5Voicequality,Fig.:Creakyvoice,34,元音和辅音的声学特征,5.Vowels5.1Cardinalvowels,Fig.:Thevowelquadrilateral,35,元音和辅音的声学特征,5.2Theacousticsofvowels,Fig.:Spectrogramofcardinalvowels,F1:vowelheight,F2:frontnessandbacknessHumanearsaresensitivetochangesinfrequencyinlowerranges(400-600)morethan(2100-2300),36,元音和辅音的声学特征,6.Approximants,ApproximantsinEnglishatthesystematiclevel:,Approximants:Formedwhentwoarticulatorsarebroughttogetherappoximated:ad-topro-near,inLatin)Airpassesthroughvocaltractwithoutfriction,Velumisraised,sealoffnasalcavityTreatedasvocalicsounds,functionasconsonants,37,元音和辅音的声学特征,6.1Acousticsofpalatalapproximants,Fig.:AyachtTongueisraised(highF2),front(lowF1),38,元音和辅音的声学特征,6.3Theacousticsofliabovelarapproximant,Fig.:Awin,Lipsrounded,Tongueback,Amplitudediminishes,Vocaltractnarrows,39,元音和辅音的声学特征,6.3Theacousticsofliabovelarapproximant,Fig.:Analveolarlateralof/l/withvaryingsecondaryarticulation,frompalatalised(腭音化)tovelarised(软腭化),40,元音和辅音的声学特征,6.3Theacousticsofliabovelarapproximant,Fig.:Leaf,Spike:tonguefromcentraltolateral,Loweramplitude,F2isjustvisibleataround1600Hz,41,元音和辅音的声学特征,6.3Theacousticsofliabovelarapproximant,Fig.:Feel,HighF2,frontspreaddecreases,On-glide,Velarizedlateral,42,元音和辅音的声学特征,6.4Acousticsofrhotics,Fig.:Toleadandtoread,LowF3(1800Hz),laterality,rhotics,43,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.Plosives,PlosivesinEnglish:,44,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.1Productionofplosives,Fig.:Thephasesofaplosive,45,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.2Simpleacousticsofplosives,Fig.:Waveformandspectrogramoftheunderlinesportionofagood(hobby),46,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.3VoicingandplosivesinEnglish,Fig.:Voicingforplosives.Dottedline=voicing.Upperlines:twoarticulatorsmovingtogetherandapartagain.,47,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.3.1Fullyvoicedplosives,VOT:TimebetweenreleaseandonsetofvoicingMeasuredinmilliseconds(ms)Voicingstartsafterrelease,VOTpositiveVoicingstartsbeforerelease,VOTnegative,48,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.3.1Fullyvoicedplosives,Fig.:Fullyvoicedgingig(afterapause,novisibleCphase),49,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.3.2Partiallyvoicedplosives,Fig.:Vocalicportion,closure,plosiverelease,vocalicportionfromabit,Precededbyavoicedsoundb,d,gbecomepartialvoiced,50,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.3.3Voicelessaspiratedplosives/ptk/,Fig.:Vocalicportion,closure,plosiverelease,aspiration,vocalicportionfromapit,VoicingstopsametimeasclosureHoldphaseisvoicelessVOT:20-50ms,51,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.3.4Voicelessunaspiratedplosives,Fig.:Fiction,closure,Releaseandvocalicportionfromaspit,VOT:5-20msIn/spstsk/,52,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.4Glottalisation,Fig.:Glottalisationinkit,NewZealandspeaker,Shortvowel+Voicelessplosive,glottalisationenhancesshortness,53,元音和辅音的声学特征,7.8Taps,Fig.:City,producedbyaMichigan.C:closureportionfortap,54,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.Fricatives,FricativesinEnglish:,55,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Waveform:first300msofsip,byRPspeaker,56,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Waveform:first300msofzip,byRPspeaker,57,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Spectrogramsofsip(left),zip(right)(RP),58,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Fie(NewZealand),Voicingandfrictiondonotcoincide,59,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Vie(NewZealand),Voicingandfrictiondonotcoincide,60,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Fie(left),vie(right)(NewZealand),flouder,moreturbulentfrictionthanvCommoninEnglish,61,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Looserfriction(FRIC)offset,onsetofvoicing,V+voicelessfricative+V,62,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.1Voicing,Fig.:Loserfriction(FRIC)offset,onsetofvoicing,V+voicedfricative+V,63,元音和辅音的声学特征,8.3.2Placeofarticulation,Fig.:Sighandshy,producedbyamaleAustralianspeaker,Lowerenergy,64,元音和辅音的声学特征,9.Nasals,Englishnasals:,65,元音和辅音的声学特征,9.1Releasingnasalsintovowels,Fig.:Co-ordinationofarticulationsinnasal+vowelsequences,Upperline:actionofvelumLowerline:actionoflipTimeoftransitionisquick,66,元音和辅音的声学特征,9.1Releasingnasalsintovowels,Fig.:Initialpartofmap(RP),67,元音