语言学1ppt课件

2020/5/26,.,1,Linguistics,2020/5/26,.,2,Chapter1,InvitationstoLinguistics,2020/5/26,.,3,1.1WhystudyLanguage?,Somemythsaboutlanguage(1)Languageisonlyameansofcommunication.(2)Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.(3)Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.(4)EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.(5)BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.,2020/5/26,.,4,1.1WhystudyLanguage?,Somefundamentalviewsaboutlanguage:(1)Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.(2)Languageoperatesbyrules.(3)Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.(4)Everyonespeaksadialect.,2020/5/26,.,5,1.1WhystudyLanguage?,(5)Languageslowlychanges.(6)Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.(7)Languageisintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.(8)Writingisderivativeofspeech.,2020/5/26,.,6,1.1WhystudyLanguage?,1.Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.2.Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.,2020/5/26,.,7,1.2WhatisLanguage?,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.,2020/5/26,.,8,1.2WhatisLanguage?,(1)System:Elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.S+V+Oe.g.Hethetablecleaned(),2020/5/26,.,9,1.2WhatisLanguage?,(2)Arbitrary-thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenalinguisticform(linguisticsymbol/sign)anditsmeaning.cat/kt/(猫)asmallfourleggedanimalwrittenformoralformarbitrarymeaninglinguisticform(symbol)conventionalTherelationshipbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaningisarbitrary,andtheirconnectionisconventionalbecausepeopleofthesamelanguagehaveagreedtousecertainsoundstostandforcertainthings.,2020/5/26,.,10,1.2WhatisLanguage?,(3)Vocal-theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.,2020/5/26,.,11,1.2WhatisLanguage?,(4)Symbols-wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbyconvention.cat/kt/asmallfourleggedanimalwrittenformoralformobjects/ideaslinguisticform(symbol),2020/5/26,.,12,1.2WhatisLanguage?,(5)Human-Languageishuman-specific.Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.Communication-Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource(senderorspeaker)toagoal(receiverorlistener),2020/5/26,.,13,1.2WhatisLanguage?,DefinitionLanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.,2020/5/26,.,14,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,Whatisdesignfeature?designfeaturedefiningfeaturedistinguishablefeatureDesignFeaturesofLanguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagesThefeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,2020/5/26,.,15,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.(1)Arbitrariness任意性(2)Duality二层性(3)Creativity创造性(4)Displacement移位性,2020/5/26,.,16,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,1.3.1Arbitrariness(firstdiscussedbySaussure)Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.（指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系）Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.(ppt9),2020/5/26,.,17,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,1.3.2DualityDualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.thelowerorthebasiclevel/secondaryunits-soundswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowordsthehigherlevel/primaryunits-wordswhicharemeaningful,2020/5/26,.,18,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,1.3.2Dualitythelowerorthebasiclevel/secondaryunits-soundswhicharemeaninglessthehigherlevel/primaryunits-wordswhicharemeaningfuleg.teacher,transport,enable,2020/5/26,.,19,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,1.3.3CreativityCreativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness(递归性).,2020/5/26,.,20,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,1.3.3CreativityBecauseofduality,thespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.Inotherwords,languageisproductivebecauseofitsownduality.e.g./ti:/-team,teach,teeth,2020/5/26,.,21,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,1.3.3CreativityRecursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.Johnssister/Johnssistersson/JohnssisterssonswifePetertoldmethatMaryhadboughtabook.e.g.S+V+OHecleanedthetableandIputthedishesonit.IlikethefilmbutMarydoesntlikeit,2020/5/26,.,22,1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage,1.3.4DisplacementDisplacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时(时间和处所)并不存在的物体、时间和观点IlikeShakespearesdrama.MarycomesfromFrance.,2020/5/26,.,23,1.4Originoflanguage,1.Thebow-wowtheory(摹声说)Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat,e.g.miaow;croak,tick-tuck,bang.2.Thepooh-poohtheory（感叹说）Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angersandjoyswhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage,e.g.ouch,whoops,haha.3.The“yo-he-ho”theory（杭育声说）Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.,2020/5/26,.,24,1.5Functionsoflanguage,Linguiststalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguageinanabstractsense,thatis,notintermsofusinglanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreet,praiseandcondemnpeople,etc.Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.,2020/5/26,.,25,1.5Functionsoflanguage,AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:1.5.1Informative信息功能Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.1.5.2Interpersonalfunction人际功能Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselvesindicatevarioustypesofinterpersonalrelations,e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourstruly,yourobedientservant.,2020/5/26,.,26,1.5Functionsoflanguage,1.5.3Performative施为功能Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.e.g.Inowdeclareyoutobehusbandandwife.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Iapologize.Blessyou,myboy.SuisuipinganIwishhiminhell.,2020/5/26,.,27,1.5Functionsoflanguage,1.5.4Emotivefunction感情功能Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething,e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Cool,Ugh,Oh.,2020/5/26,.,28,1.5Functionsoflanguage,1.5.5Phaticcommunion寒暄交际Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.1.5.6Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababysbabblingorachanterschanting.,2020/5/26,.,29,1.5Functionsoflanguage,1.5.7Metalingualfunction元语言功能Themetalingualfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutlanguageitself.Thatis,thespeakeruseslanguagetomakeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself.Forexample,“Letmetellyouwhatthewordbookmeans.”Inthissentence,theexpression“thewordbook”isusedtotalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.,2020/5/26,.,30,1.6Whatislinguistics?,Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.,2020/5/26,.,31,1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics,1.7.1Phonetics语音学Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,howspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.Itincludesthreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）,acousticphonetics（声学语音学）,andauditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）.,.,2020/5/26,32,1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics,1.7.2Phonology音系学Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.Thatis,itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.,.,2020/5/26,33,1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics,phonologyandphoneticsPhoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.Itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Phonologyisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguagewhilephoneticsfocusesontheactualphysicalarticulationofspeechsounds.,.,2020/5/26,34,1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics,1.7.3Morphology形态学Morphologystudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.,2020/5/26,.,35,1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics,1.7.4Syntax句法学Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.1.7.5Semantics语义学Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Itisnotonlyconcernedwithmeaningsofwordsaslexicalitems,butalsowithlevelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit,e.g.meaningofmorphemesandsentences.,2020/5/26,.,36,1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics,1.7.6Pragmatics语用学Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.Inotherwords,pragmaticsisconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicateratherthanwiththewaylanguageisinternallystructured.,2020/5/26,.,37,1.8Macrolinguistics,Macrolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinallaspects,distinctfrommicrolinguistics,whichdealtsolelywiththeformalaspectoflanguagesystem.,2020/5/26,.,38,1.8Macrolinguistics,1.8.1Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.Itstudieslanguagedevelopmentinthechild,suchasthetheoriesoflanguageacquisition;biologicalfoundationsoflanguage;andaprofoundaspecttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition.,2020/5/26,.,39,1.8Macrolinguistics,1.8.2Sociolinguistics社会语言学Sociolinguisticsisatermwhichcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsinlanguageandsociety,includingthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.,2020/5/26,.,40,1.8Macrolinguistics,1.8.3Anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity.Anthropol