语言学SEMANTICSppt课件

.,Chapter5SEMANTICS,.,Review,1.Whatissemantics?2.Themajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning3.Lexicalmeaning4.Senserelationsbetweensentences5.Analysisofmeaning,.,Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.(thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular),.,Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning,Namingtheory(Plato)命名说,Theconceptualistview概念论,Contextualism(Bloomfield)语境论,Behaviorism行为主义论,.,Namingtheory(Plato)命名说,Wordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.词语只是代表物体的名字或标记。Limitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred,.,Theconceptualistview概念论,Definition：oneconcerningmeaning.Itisalsocalledideationaltheory（观念论）.,.,SEMANTICTRIANGLE（语义三角）THOUGHT/REFERENCE（概念/思想/所指参照）(concept)形式与意义直接相关意义是在客观事物的基础上概括而成的SYMBOL/FORM.REFERENT(语言符号)（所指事物）(linguistic)(therealthingexistingintheworld),形式和所指之间没有必然的联系,.,Contextualism(语境论),Definition:Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:(1)Situationalcontext场景语境(2)linguisticsituation语言语境,.,Behaviorism(行为主义论),Definition:aviewwhichdrawsonbehavioristpsychologywhentryingtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticforms.Bloomfield（布龙菲尔德）：意义就是讲话人的刺激和听话人的反应。（meaningasspeakersstimulusandhearersresponseThestoryofJackandJill:JillJackS_r-s_RS=Jillseesanapple.r=Jillsays“Imthirsty”.s=JackhearsJillsays“Imthirsty”.R=JackpickstheappleforJill.,.,3.Lexicalmeaning,Senseandreference(系统意义和指称意义）Sense:isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde-contextualized.Reference:meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Differences1.系统意义具有相对的稳定性、明确性；而外指意义回因人、时、地而异，具有变化性、模糊性。2.一般说来，系统意义是抽象化了的定义，多具有非物质化特征；而外指意义会具有物质化的特征。3.有意义的词语都有系统意义，但不一定有外指意义。,.,Synonymy（同义现象),Definition:refertothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms（同义词）TypesofSynonyms:1.Dialectalsynonyms（方言）e.g.autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrolgasoline2.Stylisticsynonyms（文体风格-正式、一般、口语）e.g.kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence;3.Synonymsthatdifferinemotiveorevaluativemeaning（褒义或贬义）(e.g.collaboratorVs.accomplice)4.Collocationalsynonyms（搭配）e.g.accuseof,chargewith,rebukefor;5.Semanticallydifferentsynonyms（语义不同）e.g.amaze,astound,.,Polysemy（多义现象）,Definition:referstothesamewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.(同一个词具有两个或两个以上不同的意义),.,Homonymy(同音/形异义）,Homophones同音异形异义twowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinbothspellingandmeaning.e.g.rain-reign,night/knight,Homographs同形异音异义twowordsareidenticalinspelling,butdifferentinbothsoundandmeaning.e.g.tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),Completehomonyms同音同形异义twowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.e.g.fastadjfastv(斋戒）,.,Hyponymy下义关系,Definition:thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.(下义关系指的是一个更普遍,范围更广泛的词和一个更具体的词之间的关系.)Superordinate(上义）:thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning.意义上更普遍的那个词称为上坐标词.Hyponyms（下义）:thewordwhichismorespecificinmeaning.意义更具体的词称为下义词.,.,Antonymy（反义现象）,Gradableantonyms(等级反义词）Complementaryantonyms（互补反义词）Relationalopposites（关系对立）,.,Gradableantonymy（等级反义词）,(Itisamatterofdegree)good-badlong-shortbig-smallCanbemodifiedbyadverbsofdegreelikevery.Canhavecomparativeforms.Canbeaskedwithhow.否定一个词并不意味着肯定另一个词,.,Complementaryantonyms(互补反义词),Complementaryantonyms(互补反义词)-thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,否定一个词意味着肯定另一个词,.,Relationalopposites(关系对立),buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wife,teacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee,Definition：Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.,.,SenseRelationsBetweenSentences,1.XissynonymouswithY2.XisinconsistentwithY3.XentailsY(YisanentailmentofX)4.XpresupposesY(YisaprerequisiteofX)5.Xisacontradiction6.Xissemanticallyanomalous,.,SenseRelationsBetweenSentences,1.XissynonymouswithY：X与Y同义Theboykilledthecat.Thecatwaskilledbytheboy.2.XisinconsistentwithY：X与Y不一致Hehasawife.Heissingle.3.XentailsY(YisanentailmentofX)X蕴含YMaryhasbeentoshanghai.Maryhasbeentochina.,.,4.XpresupposesY(YisaprerequisiteofX)X预设YHisbikeneedsrepairing.Hehasabike.5.XisacontradictionX自我矛盾Myunmarriedsisterismarriedafarmer.6.XissemanticallyanomalousX语义反常Themanispregnant.,.,Analysisofmeaning,ComponentialAnalysis(成分分析法)-awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning（分析一个词）PredicationAnalysis(述谓结构分析)-awayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.（分析一个句子）Semanticfeatures:themeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,.,exercises,.,TrueorFalse:,1.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.,2.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.,F,T,.,3.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.,4.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.,5.“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.,T,T,F,.,III.exercises,16._isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis17.“alive”and“dead”are_.A.gradableantonymsB.