同位语、表语、宾语、定语,状语从句分类

从句分类,从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。,名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）,主语从句用作主语，如：Thattheearthisroundistrue.（斜体作主语）表语从句用作表语，如：Myopinionisthatyoushouldnotgoalone.（斜体作表语）,宾语从句用作宾语。如：Doyouknowwherehelives?（斜体作宾语）同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：Thefactthattheearthisroundistrue.（that从句用于解释说明thefact）,形容词性从句（即定语从句）,定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.（斜体从句做了student的形容词，回答问题的学生）,副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）,状语从句相当于一个副词，如：Whenitrains,Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）,Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if+状语从句，主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。（结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于learn（得知），find（发现），see，hear，tobetold（被告知），make（使得）等具有界限含义的动词。）Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。（目的状语，可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。）,Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.天气那么糟，旅行就推迟了。（原因状语从句，常用because,since,as,forfear(恐怕),seeingthat(既然)，nowthat(=since),consideringthat(考虑到)等引导。）Though/Thoughhewaswornout,(still)hekeptonworking.虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。（让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though,although,as;evenif,eventhough;whether.or.;nomatter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.)WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。（地点状语从句，通常由where,wherever引导。）Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。（方式状语从句通常由as,(just)asso,asif,asthough引导。）,1、由从属连词that,whether引导的主语从句。,Thatshewasabletocomemadeusveryhappy.Thatpriceswillgoupiscertain.Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.,主语从句TheSubjectClause,2.由连接代词who,whose,which,what引导的主语从句.,Whichanswerisrightisntknowntous.Whodamagedthecomputerisnotyetknown.Whoistobesenttherehasntbeendecided.Whoseplanisbetterhasnotbeendiscussed.,3.由连接副词when,where,how,why引导的主语从句,Whenhewillbebackdependsontheweather.Whereweshallholdthemeetingwillbediscussedattodaysmeeting.Whyhedidntcomehereisnotcleartoanyone.,4、为了保持句子结构平衡,有时it作形式主语,而将主语从句放到谓语部分后.Itistruethatshelosthernecklace.hewhaleisnotafish.Itneveroccurredtomethatperhapsshewaslying.ItissaidthattherehasbeenanearthquakeinIndia.Itisstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.Itisnotknownwhenhewent.ItisnobusinessofyourswhereIspendmysummerholidays.Itisnotclearwhyhedidit.,5.有关系代词型what引导的主语从句,WhatIneed=(thethingwhichIneed)isamobilephone.Whatyousaidisperfectlytrue.Who,whom,which,what+everWhoevercomeswillbewelcome.Whateverwedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.Whicheverofyoucomesfirstwillreceiveaprize.,Notice：1、引导主语从句的that在从句中起到结构的作用，在句意中没有意义，但不可省略。,2、引导主语从句的whether不可用if替换。,3、单个主语从句的谓语用第三人称单数形式。,4、主语从句用陈述语序。,Thateducationplaysavitalroleinallwalksoflifeisclear.Thateveryonemayreceiveatleastaseniorhighschooleducationissignificant.Thatallmenarecreatedequalandthatbothmenandwomenshouldenjoyequalrightsarenothingbutslogansanddesires.Whetheryoucansucceedinmakingyourdreamcometruedependsonhardworkmorethanluck.,Whethercomputercanreplacetheroleofteachershaslongbeenahottopic.Howyouthinkandactwillinfluenceyourlife.Whereweloveishome.Whereourlanguageisstoredinthebrainandhowtheformandmeaningarestoredandwhethertheformandmeaningarestoredinthesameplaceorinadifferentplacearestillmajorproblemsforpsychologiststoprobeinto.,Whenthesunisshiningisthebesttimetorepairtheroof.Whenyoucanfinishitdependsonyourefforts.Whysomanypeopleprefertoliveinthecityisbeyondme.Whyweneedtoloveandhateandwhyweneedtosetaclearlinebetweenourloveandhatearecommonplacequestions,butthesequestions,thoughcommonplace,defyeasyanswers.,Whoeverwantstoreachadistantgoalmusttakemanysmallsteps.Whoeverdareswins.Whoeverseeksobtains.Whichwayyouturnisuptoyou.Whichgirlyouchoosetobeyourgirlfriendisyourdecision.Whatwedowillinglyiseasy.Whateverisatthecenterofourlifewillbethesourceofourwisdomandpower.,Whateveryouloveinthisworldlovesyouinreturn.Whatyouneedismorepractice.Itdoesntmakeanydifferencewhethertheyjoinusornot.Thathehasdonehisbestisobvious.Whentheywillcomeisstillnotknown.Whatsheneedsismoremoney.Howthecriminalescapedwasamystery.Whoevercomesiswelcomed.Howhesucceededwasamystery.,Whetherwewillholdapartyoutsidetomorrowdependsontheweather.Whatshehasdoneisnotclear.Whereshehasgoneisnotknown.Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.Itissheerluckthatheisstillalive.Whentheywillgetmarriedremainsunknown.Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.,Theobjectclause,宾语从句,在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句.,宾语从句：,宾语从句,引导词,时态,语序,1、That2、Whether/if3、疑问词,1、主句为现在时，从句的时态可以为任何时态。2、主句为过去时，从句的时态为过去时的一种。3、从句为客观真理，自然现象，永恒不变的规律，只用一般现在时。,宾语从句的语序为陈述句语序。,当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中通常省略。,当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否“。,如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。,找引导词:Idontknow_hewillcometomorrow.A.ifB.whetherC.whatD.bothAandBIdontknow_itisgoingtorainornottomorrow.A.ifB.whetherC.bothAandBIthink_someoneforgottosweepthefloor.A.thatB./C.whereD.bothAandBHeaskedme_sheputthebooks.A.whatB.whereC.whoD.that,选择正确的选项A:Couldyoutellme?B:Yes,Illshowyou.A.whatshouldIdowiththecomputerB.howcanIusethecomputerC.howtousethecomputerD.whatIhowtousethecomputer2.Couldyoutellme?A.wherethetwinswereB.wherethetwinsareCwherearethetwins3.Doyouknow?A.wheredoesheliveB.wherehedoesliveC.wherehelivesD.wherehelivesin4.Myfriendaskedme.A.whoisthegirlB.whothegirlwasC.whowasthegirlD.whothegirlis5.Iwanttoknowthere.A.willwhogoB.whowillgoC.whodoesgoD.whogo,翻译句子Translation,1.sheaskedmeifIwasastudent.,2.“Shesaid(that)shewantedtojointheparty.,3.Dadaskmewhetherthetruckiscollectingrubbishoutside.,4.Ourteachertoldusthatwewillholdasportsmeetingtomorrow.,5.Themanaskedhowlonghasitbeenlikethis.,Doyouknowwheretheyareflyingto?,Doyouknowwhentheyaregoingtoleave?,Couldyoutellmehowmanyticketstheybooked?,CouldyoutellmehowmuchitcoststoflytoHaikou?,1.Idontknowwhetherhellcometonightornot.2.Didyouknowwhomtheyarewaitingfor?3.Iwonderiftheteacherwillcometoourhouse.4.ImnotsurehowoftenMrBlackgoestoseehisparents.5.Doyouknowwhohethinkswillbuynewbooksforus?6.Ourteachertoldusthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.,定语从句,1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as等；关系副词：where,when,why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。,【例句】(1)我，你的好朋友，当你陷入困境的时候会帮你的。I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwheneveryouareintrouble.(2)哈利波特是最受青少年欢迎的畅销书之一。HarryPotterisoneofthebestsellersthatarepopularwithteenagers.哈利波特是唯一一本让作者成为亿万富翁的畅销书。HarryPotteristheonlyoneofthebestsellersthatmakestheauthorabillionaire.,(3)他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。Hehaspassedtheexam,whichmakesussurprised.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.(4)每家有台电视,30年前我们认为是不可能的，现在实现了。ToownaTVsetineachfamily,whichwethinkwasimpossible30yearsago,nowhasbecometrue.,【例句】(11)那棵四百年的老树很有名。Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.(12)我们自给自足。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.(13)这本书是关于我们要去参观的那座有名的建筑吗？Isthisthebookthatreferstothefamousbuildingwhichwewillgotovisit?,【例句】(16)那个门破了的教室在二楼。Theclassroomwhosedoor/thedoorofwhich/ofwhichthedoorisbrokenisonthesecondfloor.,她和她妹妹穿一样的衣服。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.这不是我们想到的那所房子。ThishouseisnotsuchasIexpect.,太阳照射地球，这对我们是很重要的。Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.,【例句】(20)这就是我一直在找的书。Thisisthebookwhich/that/不填Iamlookingfor.(21)他深爱对他慈爱的父母。Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Helovedhisparentsdeeply,ofwhombothareverykindtohim.,(22)我没有足够的钱去买那条昂贵的裙子。Idonthaveenoughmoneywithwhichtobuysuchanexpensivedress.(23)从1998年到2004年Mike在这所大学学习，在此期间，他学习很努力并当选为学生会主席。Mikestudiedattheuniversityfrom1998to2004,duringwhichtimehestudiedveryhardandwasmadechairmanoftheStudentsUnion.,【例句】(24)我仍然记得我们第一次上学的那天。Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichwefirstcametotheschool.(25)十年前我住的房子已经被推倒了。Thehousewhere/inwhichIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.(26)我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。Idontknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhelooksunhappytoday.,【疑难5】定语从句中含有插入语Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,whichIthinkisofgreatimportancetoscience.TheChinesegovernmenthasdecidedtodevelopthewestofChina,which,Idaresay,willbenefitthepeoplethere,especiallythosewhoarestillleadingapoorlife.【疑难剖析5】Ithink作插入语；Idaresay作插入语。,翻译练习：,1.Pleasepassmethebook_coverisyellow.2.LiHuawasoneofgirls_havechancetogoabroad.3.HemustbefromAfrica,_canbeseenfromhisskin.4.Air,_webreatheveryday,isaroundusallthetime.5.1949wastheyear_theNewChinawasborn.,whose,who,as,which,when,6.Idontknowthereason_shelooksunhappytoday.7.Thisisthevillage_myfatherworkedthreeyearsago.8.Istillremembertheday_theoldscientisttookustothelabforthefirsttime.9.Theletter_Ireceivedyesterdayisfrommysister.10.Thewoman_yousawintheparkisourgeographyteacher.,why,where,when,that,whom,1.Imusingthepenwhichheboughtyesterday.2.Isthatthefactorywhichyourfatheronceworkedin?3.ThemantowhomIspokeisfromCanada.4.July1,1999isthedaywhichwellneverforget.5.IstillremembertheholidayswhenIstayedwiththem.6.Imgoingtoworkinthehospitalthatneedsme.7.Soontheycametoafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.,8.Weheardthenewsthatourteamwonthegame.9.Thosewhoatthedeskwanttobuyticketswritedownyournames.10.MissChenistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhogivesuswonderfulEnglishlessonsinourschool.11.Whoistheworkerthattooksomepicturesofthefactory?12.Taiwan,asweknow,belongstoChina.,状语从句,状语从句在主从复合句中作状语修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词，按意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、行为方式、比较、让步等九种状语从句。一般位于句首或者句末，位于句首，用逗号和主句格开。,（1）when,as,while引导时间状语从句WhenIwasaboy,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.（同时）Whenthelessonwasover,webeganourwriting.（从句动作在前）WhilehewasinLondon,hestudiedmusic.Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Isawyoursisterasshewasgettingonthebusyesterday.Hesangashewalked.,一、时间状语从句,（2）表示时间的词组引导状从assoonas,nosoonerthan,hardly(barely,scarcely)hardly和nosooner放在句首，从句要倒装。例：Hardlyhadshesatdownwhenthetelephonerang.Immediately,instantly，themoment，theinstant,theminute,thesecond，theday(the+瞬时名词/段时名词)等表示时间概念的词也可引导时间状从。例：IwenttoseehimimmediatelyIheardfromhim.bythetime,eachtime,everytime,anytime,lasttime,nexttime,firsttime,soonafter,shortlyafter都可以作为连词引导时间状语。如：IrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.Bythetimehewasfour,hehadtaughthimselfmath.Eachtimehecame,hewouldcallonme.,（3）until/till“直到为止”。如：Iworkedtill(until)hecameback.notuntil:“直到才”如：Shewontgotobedtill/untilhereturnshome.（4）before*如果before引导的从句位于主句之后，词义非常灵活，注意下列句子中的before的词义：1.BeforeIcouldgetinaword,thetailorhadmeasuredme.(还没来得及就)2.Wehadntrunamilebeforehefelttired.(还没就)3.Wehadsailed4daysbeforewesawland.(才)4.Pleasewriteitdownbeforeyouforgetit.(趁还没就),二、地点状语从句,where/wherever引导，要注意wherethere连用的某些情况下，使得地点从句更像是一个条件句。如：Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Thefamousscientistgrewupwherehewasbornandin1930hecametoShanghai.,三、原因状语从句：,1：because,as,since,for引导原因状语从句。,Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidntgowithus.,Itsbecauseheistoolazy.,Tiredashewas,hewenttobedearly.(倒装表示原因)Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet,四、条件状语从句:,由if,unless,so/aslongas(只要),so/asfaras,incase(that)(万一),supposingthat,providing/providedthat等引导：,Ifplasticsandrubberareburned,theygiveoffpoisonousgases.,Youcangoout,aslongas(solongas)youpromisetobebackbeforeeleven.,IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutthat.,AsfarasIcantell,thewholethingshouldcostabout$500.,Unlessyouworkhard,youwillfail,五让步状语从句：,由though,although,as(虽然尽管),evenif,eventhough,wh-ever,nomatter-wh,whether引导.,1)Thoughheisold,yetheisactive.2)Althoughmostofthepeopleagreed,somewerenotwillingtoaccepted.3)Proudasthenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.Wewouldntloseheartevenifweshouldfailtentimes.,4)Whenever(=nomatterwhen)youcallonme,youarealwayswelcome.5)Wherever(nomatterwhere)youwork,youcanalwaysfindtimetostudy.6)Taketheoneyoulikebest,whichever(nomatterwhich)itis.,六方式状语从句：,Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.Leaveitasitis.Heheardanoise,asifsomeonewasbreathing.Isawthemanlookingabouthimasifhewishedtoimpressuponhismindeverything.,由连词：as（象一样）,asif,asthough引导,七目的状语从句,通常由that,sothat,inorderthat,sothat,incase（以防、免得）forfearthat(以防，以免)等引导,Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.Shemarriedhimsothatshemighttendandcomforthim.Iexplainedagainincaseheshouldmisunderstandme.,八结果状语从句：,Itwasverycold,sothattheriverfroze.Thebookissowrittenthatitgivesaquitewrongideaofthefacts.Thereweresomanypeople(=suchalotofpeople)intheroomthatwecouldnotgetin.Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.,由that,sothat,sothat,suchthat，withtheresultthat引导：,九、比较状语从句：,由连词asas,notso(as)as,than等引导：,Ihopeitwasasgoodastheoneyoulentme.Actuallytheoceanfloorarealmostasirregularastheexposedlandarea.,Noonecanbemorefitforhisofficethanheis.,Hecantrunsofastasshe.,1：“the+比较级(接从句)，the+比较级(接主句)，这一句型也归在比较状语从句内。如：,Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.Theharderwework,thehappierwefeel.,3.asas,notso(as)as否定句中可以用“so”第二个as才是引导状从的从属连词Thehorseisgettingoldandcannotrunsofastasitdid.其他比较级的句子：Bettertolightonecandlethantocursethedarkness.Theywouldratherdieasfreementhanliveasslaves.Idecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Iwouldsoonerdiethandosuchathing.Soonerthandosuchwork,Iwoulddie.,morethan和morethan的不同含义morethan+名词不止，不仅仅是morethan+形容词、动词很，非常morethan+数词超出，多余morethan+(that)从句远非，超过.more/lessthan与其说，倒不如说如果有形容词用原级请翻译一下几句话Hibernationismorethansleep.Thetowerismorethan100metershigh.Ihavemorethanenough.ThebeautyofXihuismorethanIcandescribe.Itismorebluethangreen.Thegirlislesshurtthanfrightened.,比较状语从句表示倍数，可以用as和than来表示。三种句型：1)A倍数比较级thanB如：Thisbuildingistwicetallerthanthatone2)A倍数as原级asB如：Thisbuildingisthreetimesastallasthatone3)A倍数thesize(height,weight,lengthetc)ofB如：Thisbuildingisthreetimesthesizeofthatone(2)句型变式：倍数more名词than*倍数asmany/much名词asAmericanseatmorethantwiceasmanyvegetablesperpersontodayastheydidin1910.,Howcanweexplainittoyouwhenyouwontlisten.Itwasfoolishofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldeasilywalktherein5minutesWhile(=Though)Ilikethecolorofthehat,Idontlikeitsshape.While(=Aslongas)thereislifethereishope.-Imgoingtothepostoffice.While(=Since)youarethere,canyougetmesomestamps?,Dontspeakuntilspokento.Ihavenomoney.Ifany,Iwilllendyousome.Thoughcold,hestillworeashirt.Someflowersshutupatnightasiftosleep.Ifnecessary,ringmeup.Theydidnotmeetagainaftergraduatingfromschool.Havingfinishedmiddleschool,sheenteredZheda.Beingtheeldest,Billlooksafterhislittlesisters.Withherhelp,Icoulddotheexperimentbetter.Thoughbeingtoldtostop,hekeptonworking.MakemarkswhereyouhavequestionsItissuchanadvancedtheorythatfewpeopleunderstandit.Iamgladtoknowthatyouwillvisitwhereiamliving!,同位语从句theAppositiveclause它一般放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt,promise,question等名词的后面,对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词that,连接副词how,when,where,whether,what等。,e.g.Thehopethathemayrecoverisnotgoneyet.Theproblemwhetherweshouldcontinuetodotheexperimenthasbeens