国外认知心理学课件

CognitivePsychology,Lecture3:LongTermMemorySeptember2007JohnToner,Schacter&Tulving(1994),Declarative:,Non-declarative:,OverviewofLecture,SemanticMemoryEpisodicMemoryPerceptualRepresentationsProceduralMemory,VowelCounting,apple,VowelCounting,chair,VowelCounting,light,VowelCounting,syrup,VowelCounting,sword,VowelCounting,!,DigitTask,Countingbackwardsfrom70in8sListthenext5numbersinthissequence70,62,54,_,_,_,_,_,Anagrams(5seconds),bianr,Anagrams(5seconds),ciarh,Anagrams(5seconds),atlpn,Anagrams(5seconds),gtilh,Anagrams(5seconds),enots,Anagrams(5seconds),purys,Anagrams(5seconds),STOP,bianrbrianciarhchairatlpnplantgtilhlightenotsstonepuryssyrup,Design,FirstandlastvowelcountingwordsnotusedDistractiontaskAnagramsforbothprimedandunprimedwordsassimilaraspossible,Explicit&ImplicitMemory,Explicitmemoryinvolvesconsciousrecollectionofpreviousexperience.ItiswhatmostpeoplegenerallyrefertoasmemoryImplicitMemoryisanunintentional,non-consciousformofretention.Itcanberevealedwhenperformanceonataskisfacilitatedwithoutconsciousrecollection,Explicit&ImplicitMemory,ExamplesofImplicitMemory:FindingakeyquicklyandturningitefficientlyinalockDecidingthatdoctorisawordhappensfasterafterpresentationofnurseratherthannorth,Explicit&ImplicitMemory,RuleofThumb:Explicitmemoryisoftenassociatedwithincreasedbrainactivity,whileimplicitmemoryisassociatedwithdecreasedactivationCanweprovethatanyexperimentaltaskdoesnotuseexplicitmemory?,LongTermMemorySystems,ProposedbySchacter&Tulving(1994)Memorysystemshandleinformationwithinagivenclassordomain(e.g.episodicmemorydealswithmemoryofevents)Propertiesofasystem:Rulesofoperation,neuralsubstratesandfunctionofasystemdistinguishitConvergentdissociations:Agivenmemorysystemshouldbedifferentfromotherssystemsinclear,welldefinedways,EpisodicMemory(Declarative),Thisreferstothestorageandretrievalofspecificeventsorepisodesoccurringinaparticularplaceataparticulartime,SemanticMemory(Declarative),Thisreferstoinformationaboutourstockofknowledgeabouttheworld,2+2=4,“Moo”,EpisodicvSemantic,Wheeleretal1997:episodicmemoryinvolvesthesubjectiveawarenessorrelivingofexperiencesbutsemanticmemorydoesnot.PETscanstudies(seeWheeleretal1997)haveshownthatthereismoreactivityintherightprefrontalcortexwhenparticipantsaretryingtoretrieveepisodicmemoriesthanwhentheyaretryingtoretrieveotherkindsofmemoriessuchassemanticmemories.,EpisodicvSemantic,“Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescribedintermsofthetypeofinformationtheyworkwith.Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval”-Wheeleretal(1997,pp348-349),EpisodicvSemantic,“Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescribedintermsofthetypeofinformationtheyworkwith.Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval”-Wheeleretal(1997,pp348-349),EpisodicvSemantic,Butalso:“Themannerinwhichinformationisregisteredintheepisodicandsemanticsystemsishighlysimilar-thereisnoknownmethodofreadilyencodinginformationintoanadultssemanticmemorywithoutputtingcorrespondinginformationinepisodicmemoryorviceversa”-Wheeleretal(1997,p.333),EpisodicvSemantic,Butalso:“Episodicmemoryisarecentlyevolved,latedeveloping,andearly-deterioratingpastorientedmemorysystem,morevulnerablethanothermemorysystemstoneuronaldysfunction”-Tulving(2002,p.5),EpisodicvSemantic,ThecaseofKC”Havingsufferedbraindamagethepatienthadatotalinabilitytorememberanyevents,circumstances,orsitationsfromhislife.Hisepisodicamnesiacoveredhiswholelifefrombirthtopresent.Yethecouldslowlyacquirenewsemanticmemories(phraseassociation),evenifhecouldnotrememberthehoursspentinthelaboratorylearningtheassociations,SemanticMemory(Declarative),Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.Warrington&Shallice(1984)reportapatientJBRwhohadhugeproblemsidentifyingpicturesoflivingthings,butfewproblemsnamingnon-livingthings(successrate6%vs90%)Theoppositedifficultieshavealsobeenreported,althoughitisamuchrareraffliction(Martin&Caramazza,2003),SemanticMemory(Declarative),Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.Damasioetal.(1996)Objectnamingtaskgiventohealthysubjects.PETdatashoweddifferentareasactiveifobjectswerefamousfaces(lefttemporalpole),animals(leftinferotemporalregion)ortools(posterolateralinferotemporalregion)Damasioetal.(1996)alsofoundthatpeoplewithdamageinthesespecificareashadproblemswithnamingtheassociatedcategoriesofitems!,SemanticMemory(Declarative),Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.TheoreticalFarah&McClelland(1991)putforwardatheorybasedonthefollowingassumptions:1:Livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponvisualproperties.(Whattheylooklike)2:Non-livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponfunctionalproperties.(Whattheyareusedfor)3:Dictionaryanalysisshowedthatratioofvisualtofunctionaldescriptorswas7.7:1forlivingobjects,butonly1.4:1fornon-living.,ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative),Proceduralmemoryismemorythatallowsustoacquiremotorandcognitiveskills.Itis“knowinghow”memory(Ryle1949).,ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative),Evidencethatisisaseparatesystem:Corkin(1968)reportedthatpatientHMshowedevidenceoflearningonamirrordrawingtask,andonthepursuitrotor,despitehavingdifficultieswiththemostbasicepisodicandsemanticmemoriesOtherstudiesonamnesiacscorroboratethis,ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative),Methodsused:Serialreactiontimetask:Visualtargetappearsinoneoffourlocationsandanappropriatebuttonhastobepressed.Aspecificsequenceisrepeatedandiflearningishappening,reactiontimesreduce.Thisskillisgenerallyintactinamnesiacs(e.g.Nissen&Bullemer,1987),ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative),BrainAreas?Sensorymotorskilllearninglinkedwiththebasalganglia(oftendamagedinsufferersofParkinsonsandHuntingtons)Poorperformanceonmirrortracingbypeoplewithlesionstocerebellum.,ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative),BrainAreas.Difference?Gabrieli(1998)proposesthatactionssuchasthemirrortracingtask,whichinvolvecontinuousadjustmentbasedonvisualfeedback,willrelyonthecerebellum.WhiletasksinvolvingplannedmovementsanddelayedfeedbackinvolvethebasalgangliaIllustratedinthedifferencebetweencyclinginastraightline(continuousfeedback)andhoppingoffthebicycle(plannedmovementofwholebody),PerceptualRepresentation,Operatesusinginfor