专业外语词汇

2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,1,基因工程-专业词汇,专业：微生物与生化药学制作团队：暨南大学生物医药研发基地曾凡力、刘凯胜、张嘉萱、张志红、吕芬,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,2,地址：生科院南五楼,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,3,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,4,1.Geneticengineering,英文释义Geneticengineering,recombinantDNAtechnology,geneticmodification/manipulation(GM)andgenesplicingaretermsthatapplytothedirectmanipulationofanorganismsgenes.Geneticengineeringisdifferentfromtraditionalbreeding,wheretheorganismsgenesaremanipulatedindirectly.Geneticengineeringusesthetechniquesofmolecularcloningandtransformationtoalterthestructureandcharacteristicsofgenesdirectly.,基因工程又称基因拼接技术和DNA重组技术，是以分子遗传学为理论基础，以分子生物学和微生物学的现代方法为手段，将不同来源的基因(DNA分子)，按预先设计的蓝图，在体外构建杂种DNA分子，然后导入活细胞，以改变生物原有的遗传特性、获得新品种、生产新产品。基因工程技术为基因的结构和功能的研究提供了有力的手段。,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,5,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,6,2.质粒Plasmid,英文释义AplasmidisanextrachromosomalDNAmoleculeseparatefromthechromosomalDNAwhichiscapableofreplicatingindependentlyfromthechromosomalDNA.Inmanycases,itiscircularanddouble-stranded.Plasmidsusuallyoccurnaturallyinbacteria,butaresometimesfoundineukaryoticorganisms,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,7,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,8,2.Vector(biology),英文释义Vector(molecularbiology),vehicleusedtotransfergeneticmaterialtoatargetcell,PlasmidvectorBinaryvector,acloningvectorusedtogeneratetransgenicplantsCloningvectorExpressionvector,aplasmidspecificallyusedforproteinexpressioninthetargetShuttlevector,avector(usuallyaplasmid)constructedsothatitcanpropagateintwodifferenthostspeciesViralvector,avirusmodifiedtodeliverforeigngeneticmaterialintoacell,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,9,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,10,3.PCR聚合酶链反应polymerasechainreaction,英文释义Inmolecularbiology,thepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)isatechniquetoamplifyasingleorfewcopiesofapieceofDNAacrossseveralordersofmagnitude,generatingthousandstomillionsofcopiesofaparticularDNAsequence.,聚合酶链式反应(PolymeraseChainReaction)，简称PCR，是一种分子生物学技术，用于放大特定的DNA片段。可看作生物体外的特殊DNA复制。,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,11,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,12,4.凝胶电泳Gelelectrophoresis,英文释义Gelelectrophoresisisatechniqueusedfortheseparationofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA),ribonucleicacid(RNA),orproteinmoleculesusinganelectricfieldappliedtoagelmatrix.DNAGelelectrophoresisisusuallyperformedforanalyticalpurposes,oftenafteramplificationofDNAviaPCR,butmaybeusedasapreparativetechniquepriortouseofothermethodssuchasmassspectrometry,RFLP,PCR,cloning,DNAsequencing,orSouthernblottingforfurthercharacterization.,凝胶电泳被广泛用于分子生物学、遗传学和生物化学：1.大的DNA或者RNA分子通常利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离，也可以使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）。2.蛋白质的凝胶电泳通常在加入十二烷基硫酸钠的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中进行（SDS-PAGE），或者非变性凝胶电泳，或二维电泳。3.毛细管电泳4.酶谱法（zymography）5.变性梯度胶凝电泳（DGGE）,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,13,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,14,5.等电聚焦Isoelectricfocusing,IEF,英文释义Isoelectricfocusing(IEF),alsoknownaselectrofocusing,isatechniqueforseparatingdifferentmoleculesbytheirelectricchargedifferences.Itisatypeofzoneelectrophoresis,usuallyperformedinagel,thattakesadvantageofthefactthatamoleculeschargechangeswiththepHofitssurroundings.,等电聚焦：分离两性分子，特别是分离蛋白质的一种技术。根据在一个电场的影响下这些两性分子在ph梯度上的分布情况进行分离,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,15,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,16,6.感受态Competence(biology),英文释义Inmicrobiology,genetics,cellbiologyandmolecularbiology,competenceistheabilityofacelltotakeupextracellular(naked)DNAfromitsenvironment.Competenceisdistinguishedintonaturalcompetence,ageneticallyspecifiedabilityofbacteriathatisthoughttooccurundernaturalconditionsaswellasinthelaboratory,andinducedorartificialcompetence,arisingwhencellsinlaboratoryculturesaretreatedtomakethemtransientlypermeabletoDNA,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,17,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,18,7.蛋白质印迹Westernblot,英文释义TheWesternblot(alternatively,proteinimmunoblot)isananalyticaltechniqueusedtodetectspecificproteinsinagivensampleoftissuehomogenateorextract.Itusesgelelectrophoresistoseparatenativeordenaturedproteinsbythelengthofthepolypeptide(denaturingconditions)orbythe3-Dstructureoftheprotein(native/non-denaturingconditions).Theproteinsarethentransferredtoamembrane(typicallynitrocelluloseorPVDF),wheretheyareprobed(detected)usingantibodiesspecifictothetargetprotein.,免疫印迹法是一种将高分辨率凝胶电泳和免疫化学分析技术相结合的杂交技术。,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,19,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,20,8.ELISA酶联免疫吸附试验Enzyme-LinkedImmunosorbentAssay,英文释义Animmunoassayutilizinganantibodylabeledwithanenzymemarkersuchashorseradishperoxidase.Whileeithertheenzymeortheantibodyisboundtoanimmunosorbentsubstrate,theybothretaintheirbiologicactivity;thechangeinenzymeactivityasaresultoftheenzyme-antibody-antigenreactionisproportionaltotheconcentrationoftheantigenandcanbemeasuredspectrophotometricallyorwiththenakedeye.Manyvariationsofthemethodhavebeendeveloped.,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,21,ELISA原理,680型全自动酶标仪,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,22,9.mAb单克隆抗体Monoclonalantibody,英文释义Highlyspecific,purifiedantibodyderivedfromonlyonesubsetofcellsandwhichrecognizesonlyoneantigenorepitope.Monoclonalantibodiescanbeusedalone,ortheycanbeusedtodeliverdrugs,toxins,orradioactivematerialdirectlytoatumor.Monoclonalantibodiescanbeinvivo(inthebody)orinvitro(inthelab),directedagainstaspecificepitope,andproducedbyasinglecloneofBcells,oramyeloma(cancer)cellline.,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,23,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,24,10.色谱法Chromatography,英文释义Chromatographyisthecollectivetermforasetoflaboratorytechniquesfortheseparationofmixtures.Itinvolvespassingamixturedissolvedinamobilephasethroughastationaryphase,whichseparatestheanalytetobemeasuredfromothermoleculesinthemixturebasedondifferentialpartitioningbetweenthemobileandstationaryphases.,按两相状态气相色谱法气固色谱法气液色谱法液相色谱法液固色谱法液液色谱法,按分离原理吸附色谱法分配色谱法离子交换色谱法亲和色谱法,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,25,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,26,11.转染Transfection,英文释义Transfectionistheprocessofintroducingnucleicacidsintocellsbynon-viralmethods.Thetermtransformationispreferredtodescribenon-viralDNAtransferinbacteriaandnon-animaleukaryoticcells;transductionisoftenusedtodescribevirus-mediatedDNAtransfer.,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,27,transfection,transformation,transduction,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,28,12.Co-IPProteincompleximmunoprecipitation蛋白质免疫共沉淀,英文释义Immunoprecipitationofintactproteincomplexesisknownasco-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP).Co-IPworksbyselectinganantibodythattargetsaknownproteinthatisbelievedtobeamemberofalargercomplexofproteins.Bytargetingthisknownmemberwithanantibodyitmaybecomepossibletopulltheentireproteincomplexoutofsolutionandtherebyidentifyunknownmembersofthecomplex.,当细胞在非变性条件下被裂解时，完整细胞内存在的许多蛋白质蛋白质间的相互作用被保留了下来。如果用蛋白质X的抗体免疫沉淀X，那么与X在体内结合的蛋白质Y也能沉淀下来。这种方法常用于测定两种目标蛋白质是否在体内结合；也可用于确定一种特定蛋白质的新的作用搭档。,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,29,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,30,13.FCM流式细胞术FlowCytoMeter,英文释义Flowcytometryisatechniqueforcountingandexaminingmicroscopicparticles,suchascellsandchromosomes,bysuspendingtheminastreamoffluidandpassingthembyanelectronicdetectionapparatus.Itallowssimultaneousmultiparametricanalysisofthephysicaland/orchemicalcharacteristicsofuptothousandsofparticlespersecond.,流式细胞术是一种在功能水平上对单细胞或其他生物粒子进行定量分析和分选的检测手段，它可以高速分析上万个细胞，并能同时从一个细胞中测得多个参数，与传统的荧光镜检查相比，具有速度快、精度高、准确性好等优点，成为当代最先进的细胞定量分析技术。,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,31,2020/5/26,暨南大学生物医药研发基地,32,14.RNAiRNAinterference,英文释义RNAinterference(RNAi)isasystemwithinlivingcellsthathelpstocontrolwhichgenesareactiveandhowactiv