Linux系统维护例行操作指导手册(2)

精选文库神州数码系统集成服务有限公司密级：第 1 篇（共 1 篇）Linux系统维护例行操作指导手册外包交付中心方案名称：编写：编写日期：审核：审核日期：批准：批准日期：精选文库修订状况章节编号章节名称修订内容简述修订日期修订前版本号修改人目录：1系统架构31.1招商信诺Linux系统架构图31.2服务器概要信息31.3数据库信息32主机系统监控和预防性检查操作方法32.1操作频率32.2检查硬盘灯、电源灯等状态42.3查看网卡状态及重启42.4查看硬盘数以及分区状态42.5查看系统主要进程运行情况52.6查看活动进程52.7查看操作系统空间情况92.8检查操作系统日志102.8.1系统登录日志：last102.8.2查看系统启动日志：dmesg102.8.3查看/var/log/messages 系统日志102.8.4查看其他日志102.9查看操作系统性能102.9.1查看系统实时运行状态102.9.2查看系统负载情况122.9.3查看最近1,5,15分钟平均系统负载：uptime122.9.4查看当前登陆系统的用户122.9.5查看物理内存和Swap空间使用率：free133例行作业操作方法133.1操作频率133.2操作系统备份133.3过期系统日志清除134操作系统手工停止、启动、重启操作步骤134.1关闭操作系统134.2重启操作系统134.3启动操作系统145操作系统常见需求处理方法、常见问题解决方法145.1系统加固：145.2忘记root密码145.3配置网卡165.4配置防火墙166操作系统应急恢复方法161 系统架构1.1 Linux系统架构图XX系统服务器备机XX系统服务器主机光纤交换机磁盘阵列PS：此图只是示例，请根据实际项目系统架构情况重新绘制1.2 服务器概要信息服务器名IP地址操作系统主要应用1.3 数据库信息数据库所在服务器名IP地址数据库版本端口Oracle用户名SID注：以下各检查项，如果有监控软件能实现检查项的监控报警，就不用手工检查。否则需要手工检查。2 主机系统监控和预防性检查操作方法2.1 操作频率每工作日检查1次。2.2 检查硬盘灯、电源灯等状态硬盘灯、电源灯正常为绿灯，如果出现黄灯或红灯说明有问题。如果电源报警灯亮可以先检查电源是否插好。如果都已插好则是电源损坏。需要通知硬件代维方更换硬件。2.3 查看网卡状态及重启重启网络服务：#service network restart查看网络状态：#ifconfigpmc2: #ifconfigeth0 Link encap:EthernetHWaddr 00:1F:29:09:69:4A inet addr:3 Bcast:55 Mask: UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:6421788961 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:9685332818 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:652478847531 (622252.3 Mb) TX bytes:12895085984008 (12297712.3 Mb) Interrupt:185 Memory:f8000000-f8012100 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr: Mask: UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:6385721 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6385721 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:402215646 (383.5 Mb) TX bytes:402215646 (383.5 Mb)2.4 查看硬盘数以及分区状态#fdisk lpmc2:/var/log #fdisk -lDisk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 146.7 GB, 146778685440 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17844 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 1 262 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 * 263 17844 141227415 83 Linux2.5 查看系统主要进程运行情况#psef |grep backup2.6 查看活动进程#ps aux监听某个进程lsofp 进程号pmc2: # ps -auxWarning: bad ps syntax, perhaps a bogus -? See /faq.htmlUSER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMANDroot 1 0.0 0.0 780 304 ? S 2008 0:49 init 5 root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:01 migration/0root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/0root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 migration/1root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/1root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 migration/2root 7 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/2root 8 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 migration/3root 9 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/3root 10 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:01 migration/4root 11 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/4root 12 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 migration/5root 13 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/5root 14 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 migration/6root 15 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/6root 16 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:01 migration/7root 17 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 2008 0:00 ksoftirqd/7root 18 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/0root 19 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/1root 20 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/2root 21 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/3root 22 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/4root 23 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/5root 24 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/6root 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 events/7root 26 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 khelperroot 27 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kthreadroot 37 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kblockd/0root 38 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:08 kblockd/1root 39 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:08 kblockd/2root 40 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kblockd/3root 41 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kblockd/4root 42 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kblockd/5root 43 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:06 kblockd/6root 44 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kblockd/7root 45 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kacpidroot 244 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 99:04 kswapd0root 245 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/0root 246 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/1root 247 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/2root 248 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/3root 249 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/4root 250 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/5root 251 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/6root 252 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 aio/7root 478 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/0root 479 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/1root 480 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/2root 481 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/3root 482 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/4root 483 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/5root 484 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/6root 485 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 cqueue/7root 486 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kseriodroot 518 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kpsmousedroot 1007 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/0root 1008 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/1root 1009 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/2root 1010 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/3root 1011 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/4root 1012 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/5root 1013 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/6root 1014 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata/7root 1015 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 ata_auxroot 1071 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 reiserfs/0root 1072 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 1:56 reiserfs/1root 1073 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 1:55 reiserfs/2root 1074 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 reiserfs/3root 1075 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 reiserfs/4root 1076 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:22 reiserfs/5root 1077 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 1:25 reiserfs/6root 1078 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 reiserfs/7root 1140 0.0 0.0 7128 700 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /sbin/udevd -daemonroot 1812 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 khubdroot 1824 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 shpchpd_eventroot 2865 0.0 0.0 10516 736 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /sbin/resmgrdroot 2896 0.0 0.0 8296 876 ? Ss 2008 2:27 /sbin/syslog-ngroot 2899 0.0 0.0 2640 404 ? Ss 2008 0:08 /usr/sbin/irqbalanceroot 2902 0.0 0.0 2884 668 ? Ss 2008 2:34 /sbin/klogd -c 1 -x -xroot 2907 0.0 0.0 2620 520 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /sbin/acpid100 2941 0.0 0.0 13164 1140 ? Ss 2008 0:33 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon -systemroot 3039 0.0 0.0 13400 3484 ? Ss 2008 0:06 /usr/sbin/hald -daemon=yes -retain-privilegesroot 3418 0.0 0.0 6012 736 ? S 2008 0:00 hald-addon-acpiroot 3536 0.0 0.0 12012 632 ? Ssl 2008 0:00 /sbin/auditd -nroot 3538 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 kauditdnobody 3542 0.0 0.0 4844 672 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /sbin/portmapdaemon 3593 0.0 0.0 12984 1044 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /usr/sbin/slpdroot 3709 0.0 0.0 122964 1104 ? Ssl 2008 2:16 /usr/sbin/nscdlp 3879 0.0 0.0 24284 4120 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /usr/sbin/cupsdroot 3893 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 nfsd4root 3894 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 nfsdroot 3895 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 nfsdroot 3896 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 nfsdroot 3897 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 nfsdroot 3899 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 lockdroot 3900 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 162:34 rpciod/0root 3901 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 rpciod/1root 3902 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 rpciod/2root 3903 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 rpciod/3root 3904 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 rpciod/4root 3905 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 rpciod/5root 3906 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 rpciod/6root 3907 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2008 0:00 rpciod/7root 3925 0.0 0.0 5928 624 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.mountdroot 3964 0.0 0.0 27056 1464 ? Ss 2008 0:11 /usr/sbin/sshd -o PidFile=/var/run/sshd.init.pidroot 3978 0.0 0.0 20288 2004 ? S 2008 0:06 /usr/sbin/powersaved -d -f /var/run/acpid.socket -v 3root 4059 0.0 0.0 21324 2172 ? Ss 2008 0:02 /usr/lib/postfix/masterroot 4090 0.0 0.0 7100 572 ? Ss 2008 0:01 /usr/sbin/cronpostfix 4095 0.0 0.0 21328 2160 ? S 2008 0:11 qmgr -l -t fifo -uroot 4393 0.0 0.0 3060 704 tty1 Ss+ 2008 0:00 /sbin/mingetty -noclear tty1root 4395 0.0 0.0 3060 692 tty3 Ss+ 2008 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty3root 4396 0.0 0.0 3060 708 tty4 Ss+ 2008 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty4root 4397 0.0 0.0 3064 688 tty5 Ss+ 2008 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty5root 4398 0.0 0.0 3064 692 tty6 Ss+ 2008 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty6oracle 4631 0.0 0.1 63048 10244 ? Ssl 2008 2:53 /opt/oracle/product/10.2/db_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER -inheritroot 30031 0.0 0.0 28648 1568 ? Ss 2008 0:00 login - root root 24551 0.0 0.0 9720 2292 tty2 Ss+ 2008 0:00 -bashroot 23901 0.0 0.0 50880 6652 ? S 2008 0:08 /opt/gnome/sbin/gdmroot 23914 0.0 0.0 60268 2820 ? S 2008 0:00 /opt/gnome/sbin/gdmroot 23917 0.0 0.1 44876 8312 tty7 Ss+ 2008 118:31 /usr/X11R6/bin/X :0 -audit 0 -br -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth vt7gdm 23936 0.0 0.2 94228 18812 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /opt/gnome/lib64/gdm/gdmgreeterroot 24077 0.0 0.0 8700 444 ? Ss 2008 0:00 /usr/bin/gpg-agent -sh -daemonroot 24082 0.0 0.0 10268 900 ? Ss 2008 0:00 dbus-daemon -fork -print-pid 8 -print-address 6 -sessionroot 17791 0.0 0.0 10268 892 ? Ss 2009 0:00 dbus-daemon -fork -print-pid 8 -print-address 6 -sessionoracle 28198 0.0 0.1 61984 9096 ? Ssl 2009 0:24 /opt/oracle/product/10.2/db_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER -inheritoracle 28205 0.0 0.2 2563316 19812 ? Ss 2009 0:01 ora_pmon_orcloracle 28207 0.0 0.1 2562144 16180 ? Ss 2009 1:33 ora_psp0_orcloracle 28209 0.0 10.8 2562140 887704 ? Ss 2009 0:10 ora_mman_orcloracle 28211 0.0 22.9 2595952 1879296 ? Ss 2009 6:00 ora_dbw0_orcloracle 28213 0.0 0.5 2577696 48272 ? Ss 2009 8:24 ora_lgwr_orcloracle 28215 0.0 1.2 2563684 102704 ? Ss 2009 12:35 ora_ckpt_orcloracle 28217 0.0 16.7 2564780 1369832 ? Ss 2009 9:24 ora_smon_orcloracle 28219 0.0 3.2 2563724 267828 ? Ss 2009 0:00 ora_reco_orcloracle 28221 0.0 8.5 2563796 698012 ? Ss 2009 3:10 ora_cjq0_orcloracle 28223 0.0 31.7 3347456 2593104 ? Ss 2009 13:57 ora_mmon_orcloracle 28225 0.0 2.0 2562140 164608 ? Ss 2009 0:04 ora_mmnl_orcloracle 28227 0.0 0.2 2562988 16464 ? Ss 2009 0:00 ora_d000_orcloracle 28233 0.0 0.1 2563316 15680 ? Ss 2009 0:00 ora_s000_orcloracle 28237 0.0 0.4 2577696 33280 ? Ss 2009 0:46 ora_arc0_orcloracle 28239 0.0 0.4 2577696 33140 ? Ss 2009 0:45 ora_arc1_orcloracle 28243 0.0 0.2 2562140 17564 ? Ss 2009 0:00 ora_qmnc_orcloracle 28247 0.0 16.9 2564804 1389684 ? Ss 2009 0:27 ora_q000_orcloracle 28249 0.0 0.2 2562136 16768 ? Ss 2009 0:05 ora_q001_orcloracle 25297 0.0 0.3 2562848 31136 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25299 0.0 0.2 2562272 19720 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25301 0.0 0.2 2562268 19648 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25303 0.0 0.2 2562268 19632 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25305 0.0 0.2 2562268 19620 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25307 0.0 0.2 2562268 19656 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25309 0.0 0.2 2562268 19636 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25311 0.0 0.2 2562268 19632 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25313 0.0 0.2 2562268 19624 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25315 0.0 0.2 2562268 19628 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25317 0.0 0.2 2562272 19828 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25319 0.0 0.2 2562268 19628 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25321 0.0 0.2 2562272 19652 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25323 0.0 0.2 2562268 19648 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25325 0.0 0.2 2562268 19656 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25327 0.0 0.2 2562272 19648 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25329 0.0 0.2 2562272 19656 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25331 0.0 0.2 2562272 19668 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25333 0.0 0.2 2562272 19652 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25335 0.0 0.2 2562272 19672 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25337 0.0 0.3 2562300 27968 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25339 0.0 7.6 2565116 629144 ? Ss Sep03 2:53 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25341 0.0 0.4 2562804 39076 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25345 0.0 0.7 2562792 61712 ? Ss Sep03 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25353 0.0 2.6 2579964 216368 ? Ss Sep03 0:03 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 25355 1.3 11.6 2565124 949284 ? Ss Sep03 99:19 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 32567 0.2 17.0 2565120 1397576 ? Ss Sep04 16:22 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 32623 0.0 7.4 2565080 612796 ? Ss Sep04 3:33 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 32633 0.0 11.5 2571092 945668 ? Ss Sep04 2:28 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle 32637 0.0 5.5 2563932 453380 ? Ss Sep04 0:25 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)root 19386 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Sep07 0:00 pdflushroot 19387 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Sep07 0:03 pdflushroot 3812 1.8 0.0 2592 476 ? Ss 06:47 11:31 zmd /usr/lib/zmd/zmd.exe -sleep 82199oracle 23144 0.0 1.3 2564960 114488 ? Ss 13:26 0:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)root 23264 0.0 0.0 40892 2892 ? Ss 13:57 0:00 sshd: rootpts/1 root 23270 0.0 0.0 9716 2288 pts/1 Ss 13:57 0:00 -bashpostfix 23940 0.0 0.0 21296 2064 ? S 16:17 0: