大学英语四级讲座2.ppt

大学英语四级讲座CET4,写作部分-论说文主讲蔡红旭,文章框架：IntroductionTopicsentenceMainBodySupportingsentences（一二三原则）ExamplesConclusion文章结构：总、分、总,材料的组织方法,四级作文段落,现象阐释型,题目多是社会问题提出：现象（What)要求：分析(Why)结论：解决(How)第一段1）引话题2）承上启下第二段1）主题句2）原因+举例第三段总结,（2003.1）ItPaystoBeHonest1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2.诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实,第一段陈述现象（不诚实）+举例第二段分析现象1）不诚实的坏处2）诚实的好处3）小结句(诚实有回报)第三段1）总结（做人应该诚实）,Althoughhonestyisbelievedtobeavirtue,therearestilldishonestpeopleinoursociety.Forexample,somebusinessmensellfakeproductstotheirconsumers;somestudentscheatintheexams.,Dishonestpeopleareshort-sighted.Thosewhosellfakeproductsmaymakemoneyatthebeginning,butcustomerswontbuytheirproductsanymore.Asaresult,theywilllosetheirfortuneorevenbesenttoprison.,Bycontrast,honestpeoplegainalot.Thosewhoalwaystellthetruthorkeeppromisenotonlymakeotherstrustthembutgainrespectfromotherpeopleaswell.Sincetheyaretrustableandrespectable,everyonewouldbeeagertomakefriendswiththem,sotheyaresuretohavealotoffriends.Besides,itiseasierforapersonwithagoodrecordtogetagoodjob,Generallyspeaking,everyemployerwantshisemployeestobehonest.Sowecansaythatanyonewhoishonestwouldbepaidbacklater.Inaword,honestywinstrust,respectandhonor.Thereforeitisimportantthatweshouldbehonest.,写作模板：ANowadays_isacommonphenomenoninsociety.Forexample,_._domore(good)than(harm)tous.Foronething,_.Foranother,_.Insummary,/Inaword,itismorevaluable_.,BRecently_hasarousedpublicconcern.Ithasboth_and_._domore(good)than(harm)tous.Ontheonehand,_.Ontheotherhand,_.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayreasonablyarriveattheconclusionthat_.,现象解释十二句作文模板一,1.Recently,_.描述现象，引出话题。2.Whatamazeusmostis_.表现较典型的一个方面。3.Itistruethat_.对现象做出评论。4.Therearemanyreasonsis_.承上启下，解释这一现象的原因。5.Themainreasonis_.说明原因一。6.Whatismore,_.原因二。7.Thirdly,_.原因三。8.Asaresult_.讲述导致的结果。9.Consideringallthese,_.作者的态度。10.Foronething,_.观点一。11.Foranother,_.观点二。12.Inconclusion,_.总结全文。,现象解释十二句作文模板二,1.Asisknowntoall,_.摆明现象2._seemstogetaccustomedto_.讲明事实，空格内填入people等3.Infact,_.说明发生的实质变化4.Thereasonsof_lieinseveralaspects.引起下文，讲明原因5.Firstly,_.原因一6.Secondly,_.原因二7.Thirdly,_.原因三8.Finally,_.原因四9.Asamatteroffact,_.说明作者的观点10.Ontheonehand,_.支持着一观点的理由一11.Ontheotherhand,_.支持理由二12.Therefore,_.得出结论,现象解释十二句作文模板三,1.Nowadays,_.说明现象2.Foronething,_.支持这一道理的一个方面3.Foranother,_.另一方面4.Itisobvious_.说明现象具有典型的一方面5.Manyremarkablefactorcontributeto_.表明原因，引起下文6.Firstoftheall,_.产生这一现象的原因7.Inaddition,_.原因二8.Thirdly,_.原因三9.Astome,_.作者的观点10.asweknow,_,支持这一观点的理由一11.Besides,_.支持这一观点理由二12.Inaword,_.结论。,Usefulsentences:NeverinhistoryhastheissueofbeenmorevisiblethanNowhereintheworldhastheproblemofbeenasevidentasNowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitionofthenecessityof,Now,peopleingrowingnumberarebeginning/comingtorealizethatRecentlytheproblem/issue/questionofhasbeenbroughttopublicattentionRecentlytheproblem/issue/questionofhascaused/arousedworldwideconcernhasbecomeahottopic,andheateddebatesarerightontheirway.,演练题目RestoreOurTraditionalFestivals现在有很多年轻人更喜欢过西方节日这种现象的原因是我们对待西方节日的态度是FastFood1.快餐在中国十分流行，它是现代快节奏社会的最佳反映。2.a.快餐受欢迎有两条原因b.然而，从营养角度来讲，快餐却差强人意3.对快餐还是以偶尔品尝为宜。OnlineEducation1.目前网络教育形成热潮2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是3.我对网络教育的评价,问题对策型,题目社会问题或大学生面临的实际问题(1).阐述问题/提出问题(2).问题形成的原因/解决问题的办法(3).我的看法/做法,（1997.6）GettingtoKnowtheworldOutsidetheCampus1.大学生了解社会的必要性。2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介，社会服务等）。3.我打算怎么做。,第一段1)引出话题（必要性）2）支持句（必要性原因）第二段1）主题句（途径）2）一二三原则第三段解决段（自己做法）,GettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsidetheCampusWithoursocietydevelopingatanunprecedentedspeed,gettingtoknowtheworldoutsidethecampushasbecomeanindispensablepartforcollegestudents.Ononehand,itwillkeepthestudentsinformedwiththeupdatedinformationbeyondthebooksandclasses;ontheotherhand,itwillenablethestudentstoadapttothesocietymoreeasilyaftergraduation.,Studentscangainaccesstotheworldoutsidethecampusthroughthefollowingmeans.Firstly,communicationwithseniorsandfriends,includingparents,relatives,teachersetc.Secondly,variousmediasuchasradio,TV,newspapersandmostlyimportantly,theInternet.Lastbutnottheleast,takingpart-timejobsoractingasvoluntaryworkers.,Asforme,astudentwhoisabouttograduatefromcollegesoon,Iwillcommitmyselftobroadeningmyhorizonthroughthemedia,especiallytheInternet,andcommunicationwithpeoplefromallwalksoflife.Inaddition,Iwillgraspeveryopportunitytopracticemyprofessionalskillsformyfuturecareer.,写作模板A.Sometimeswefindtherearereallymanyproblems/difficultiesin_.Thenhowcanwemanagetoovercomeallthese?Stepbystep,first,_.Secondly,_.Thirdly,_.Last,_.Afteraperiodofpainstakingefforts,Ifeelthat_.,B.Thesedaysweoftenhearthat_.Therearesomepossiblereasonsforthat.Inthefirstplace,_.Inthesecondplace,_.Tosolvetheproblemisnoteasyatall,butisworthtrying.Weshoulddosomethingsuchas_toimprovethepresentsituation,andIdobelieveeverythingwillbebetterinthefuture.,Usefulsentences:Nowpeopleareincreasinglyaware/consciousof.Recentlytheproblemofhasbeeninthelimelight.Generallyspeaking,themajorreasonsforcanbelistedasfollows,.,Obviously/Apparently,severalreasonscontributeto/accountfor.Itishightimethatquick/necessaryaction/steps/measuresshouldbetakentoWeshouldtryeverymeansto.Manythingscancontributetosolvingtheproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.,演练题目:OnPowerFailure1.很多城市严重缺电2.分析原因3.提出解决办法GreenOlympics1.2008年中国要举办一次绿色奥运会2.为什么要提倡“绿色奥运”3.如何为绿色奥运做准备,对比选择型,题目权衡两种不同方法或观点的利弊(1).一些人对待某一事物的观点是(2).另外一些人对待该事物的态度是(3).我的看法1分析观点一的利弊分析观点二的利弊做出选择2分析两种观点各自的优点分析两种观点各自的不足做出选择,（95.1.）CanMoneyBuyHappiness?有人认为金钱是幸福之本(sourceofhappiness)2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(rootofallevil)3.我的看法,Canmoneybuyhappiness?Variouspeoplehavevariousanswers.Somepeoplethinkthatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.Withmoney,onecanbuywhateverheenjoys.Withmoney,onecandowhateverhelikes.So,intheirminds,moneycanbringcomfort,security,andsoon.Money,astheythink,isthesourceofhappiness.,Buttherearestillalotofotherswhothinkthatmoneyistherootofallevil.Moneydrivespeopletosteal,torob,andtobreakthelaw.Alotofpeoplebecamecriminalsjustbecausetheywereinsearchofmoney.AndintheWesterncountries,thereisnothingthatcantbeboughtbymoney.Manypeoplelosetheirownliveswhenhuntingit.,Ithinkthatmoneyisessentialtolifeandwecannotdowithoutmoney.Buteventhoughmoneyisnecessarytolife,itcantbuyhappiness.Happinessisnotsomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoney.Itisastateofmind.Onecanhaveplentyofmoney,withwhichhecanbuywhateverhewants,andatthesametimeheisnothappybecauseheisneversatisfiedorheistroubledbyvariouskindsofproblems.Therefore,althoughmoneyisnecessaryforahappylife,itcantbuyhappiness.,写作模板：A.Peoplesopinionsabout_varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeopleareinclinedto_forthefollowingreasons.Firstly,_.Secondly,_.Otherpeople,however,takeadifferentattitudethat_.Ontheonehand,_.Ontheotherhand,_.Myownpointofviewisthat_,because_.Also,_.So_.,B._hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople,andheateddebatesarerightontheirway.Quiteafewpeoplethink_.Itsoundsgoodbecause_.Onthecontrary,thereisauniversallyacknowledgedsayingthat_.Tothem,_Inmyopinion,_.Foronething，_.Foranother,_.Hence,_.,Usefulsentences:DifferentpeopleholddifferentopinionsaboutSometakeitforgrantedthatButotherstakeanoppositeideathatPeoplesviewsaboutvaryfrompersontoperson.SomepeoplesaythatWhileothersthinkthatInthefaceofSomepeopletakethepositionthat.Somepeoplecometobelievethat,Thereisnoconsensus（一致）ofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewof.SomepeoplesuggestthatWhilesomeothersarguethat.AsfarasIamconcerned,Whenitcomestome,.TherearetwomainreasonswhyIamopposedto/infavorofthefirst/secondview.Throughthediscussionmentionedabove,wemaydrawtheconclusionthat,演练题目：ShouldPrivateCarsBeEncouraged?1.私人购车已成为一种时尚，很多人认为应该鼓励人们购买私家车2.也有很多人认为不应鼓励私人购车3.我的看法WhatShouldCollegeStudentsDo？1.很多人认为大学生应多参加校内外活动，锻炼各种能力最重要，学习只要能达到基本要求就行。2.也有很多人认为大学生的首要任务就是学习，就业后再锻炼能力也不晚。3.你给大学生的建议是,观点论证/论说反驳型,论证观点的正确性表明观点-论证观点-得出结论(1).阐述观点(2).举例证明(3).重述主题,（97.1）PracticeMakesPerfect1.怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2.例如：在英语学习中3.又如,PracticeMakesPerfectThefamoussaying“Practicemakesperfect”iswidelyacceptedtoday.Itmeansifwepracticeunfamiliarthingsagainandagain,wellbeabletoperformitperfectly.,ThepracticeoflearningEnglishisagoodexample.WearenotlivinginanEnglishspeakingcountry.So,inordertolearnitwell,weneedextrapractice,suchasreadingEnglishbooks,goingtoEnglishcorners,orcommunicatingwithforeigners.OnlysittingatthedeskcannotleadtothemasteryofEnglish.,Asanotherexample,ifwewanttobeskilledinusingthecomputer,wealsoneedtopracticeusingit.Somechildrenbecomelittleexpertsincomputer,justbecausetheyplaywithiteveryday.Onthecontrary,ifwejuststicktobooks,wewillstillfeelconfusedwhenusingcomputers.Judgingfromtheevidenceoffered,wemightsafelydrawtheconclusionthatpracticemakesperfect.,写作模板：Afamousoldsayinggoesthat_.Itmeansthat_.Ihavehadsuchexperiencesformanytimes._isagoodexample._.Anothercaseinpointis_.Whateveryoudo,pleaseremember_.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork,youllnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.,演练题目:NothingisImpossible1.中国有句老话,“世上无难事，只怕有心人”.2.举例证明3.事情的成功往往取决于人的态度HopeProject1.希望工程对于渴望教育而又上不起学的孩子来说意义非凡2.举例说明3.我的观点,“四步定位法”一定中心：一个中心二定方法：讲道理、摆事实三定结构：开头（起）、中间（承、转）、结尾（合）四定句式：简单句并列句(加并列连词)复合句(加表示逻辑关系的连词或代词等)拓展句(加非谓语等结构)。,写作“四步定位法”实例讲解WillE-booksreplacetraditionalbooks?1).随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多2).有人认为电子图书会取代传统图书，理由是3).我的看法,一定中心：“WillEbooksreplacetraditionalbooks”-YesorNo（对比选择型）二定方法：可以先讲道理，再举例三定结构：提纲有三点要求，1.“提出问题”2.“分析问题”(分析别人的观点)3.“分析问题”(提出自己的观点，并作简单论证)即：引出话题、别人的观点、自己的观点三个段落。,Para.1：Introduction:ubiquitous（普遍存在的）E-booksnowadays/E-booksbecomemorepopularReasons:thedevelopmentofinformationtechnology(IT)Examples:E-products/e-basedproductse-mails,e-tickets,Para.2：Somepeoplesview:E-bookswillreplacetraditionalbooks.Reasons:advantagesofE-books;disadvantagesoftraditionalbooksExamples:readingonlinewithoutpayment;immediatereadingnewlyheadlineinformation,Para.3：(possibleversion1)Myview:agreeReasons:advantagesofE-books;(convenientandaccessible;easilystoringandplace-saving;easy-reading;environmentprotection)Examples:bamboo-basedbooksreplacedbypaper-basedbooks,Para.3：(possibleversion2)Myview:disagreeReasons:advantagesoftraditionalbooksExamples:readingtraditionalbooksisgoodforeyes/healthy,Para.3：(possibleversion3)Myview:(neithertotallyagreenortotallydisagree)coexistReasons:bothhasitsadvantagesofexistingExamples:youngpeoplelikeE-books,whiletheoldliketraditionalbooks;coexistingofcameraandpainting,Possibleversion1：agreeWiththedevelopingofinformationtechnology,wearelivinginane-era,whereE-basedproductshavebecomemoreandmorepopular.E-mails,e-ticketsande-bookshaveplayedagrowingroleinourdailylife,whilepaper-basedmaterials,suchastraditionalbooks,aresufferingagreatlossoftheirreaders.,SomepeoplebelievethatE-bookswillreplacethetraditionalbookseventuallybecauseofitsobviousadvantages.Firstly,theyareconvenientandaccessible.Youcanreadsomanykindsofinterestinge-bookswithoutpayinganymoneyjustifyouhaveacomputerconnectingtotheinternet.Secondly,readinge-bookshasdevelopedintopartofourdailylife.Wecaneasilygetlatestheadlineinformationjustbyclickingamousegentlywithouthearingnoisemadebyfrequentlythumbingpages.,AsfarasImconcerned,Isharethesameopinionwithabovepersons.Besidesthereasonsofferedbythem,E-booksaresobeneficialforforestprotectionthattheyaregreatlyhelpfulinsavingenergyandprotectingenvironment.Justasbamboo-basedbookswereputanendbyhistory,traditionalbookswillloseitsallreadersanddisappearinthefuture.,Possibleversion2：disagree(前两段同上)Asforme,along-timebookworm,itsnotlikelyforE-bookstoreplacetraditionalbooks.Thereareenoughreasonswhichmaketraditionalbookssurvive.Forexample,longtimeofreadingE-bookswilldoharmtooureyes,andreaderswillfindthemselvesmoreaccessibletoprintedmaterialsbecauseofunpopularityofcomputersandtheinternettoeverycornerofourlife.,Possibleversion3：co-exist(前两段同上)Frommyperspective,Ifirmlybelievee-bookscannottakethetraditionalbooksplacetotally.Theywillunquestionablyco-existforalongperiod.Althoughthee-booksofferuslotsoffavorableconsequences,thetraditionalbookscanprovideusopportunitiestotakenoteonthemandtobeeasyforcollection.Therefore,e-booksandtraditionalbooksarepreferabletodifferentpeople,andbothofthemcanbringusbenefits.,定位法模板第一段：Thereisnodenyingthefactthat陈述现象，引起话题Tobeginwith，主题展开句1Whatsmore，主题展开句2第二段：Therearemanyreasonsaccountingfor承上启下，解释原因Themainreasonis原因1Furthermore,原因2Thelastbutnottheleast,原因3Asaresult,讲述导致的结果,第三段：AsfarasImconcerned,作者态度Foronething,观点一Foranother,观点二Inconclusion,结论,(2008.12)LimitingTheUseofDisposablePlasticBags1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用2.造成的问题3.限制使用的意义Formanyyearswehavebeenusingdisposalplasticbagswhenweareshoppingonthemarket,andmostoftenthesebagsareofferedbytheshopsforfree.This,undoubtedly,hasbroughtusgreatconvenienceinourdailylife.,However,itsdisadvantagesarealsoveryapparent,andIlljustventuretoexploretwoaspects.Foronething,theplasticbagsaremostlyindecomposableinthenaturalstatesothatwiththeincreasinguseofthesebags,itwillnotonlyseriouslybringabouttheso-called“whitepollution”totheenvironment,itcanalsocostusalottohavethemdecomposecompletelysoastominimizetheirdamagetotheenvironment.Foranother,theproductionofplasticbagsareoftennotstrictlysupervised,soalargeproportionofthebagsdontmeettherequirementsforhealthyproducts,whichmeansthemoreweusethem,themorelikelywearetosufferinhealth.,ThenegativeeffectsoftheplasticbagsarefarseriousthanwhatIvementionedabove,soitshightimethegovernmentissuedstrictlawsandmeasurestostopusingthebags.Bysodoing,wecansavealotofmoneyfromproducingthesebagsaswellasreturnacleanerearthtoourselvesandthelatergenerations.,Modelanswer2:Withitsgreatadvantageofconvenienceandendurance,disposableplasticbagsarebeingwidelyusedandhavebeenanindispensablepartofourdailylife.Wevebeenusedtoenjoyingreceivingfreeplasticbagsofferedbyshopassistants,wheneverwebuyclothes,shoesandfoodatsupermarketsordepartmentstores.Itseemsthatlifewithoutthemisunimaginableformostofus.,However,theydocausealotofproblems,especiallybringingseveredamagetoourenvironment.Notonlydotheyaffectthebeautifulnessofourlivingsettings，butalsodoharmtoourhealth，becausetheyaremadefromsomekindsofchemicalmaterialwhichcannotbedisposable.Onceweburnthemorburythem,theymaypolluteourairorwaterheavily.,Thus,itsimperativeforustotakeeffectivemeasurestolimittheuseofdisposableplasticbags.Suchactionsareofgreatsignificance.Itshelpfulinsavingnaturalresourcebesidesmakingourcitiesfacescleanandbeautiful.Furthermore,itcanhelpreduceharmfuldamagetoenvironmentandthustoourhumanshealth.Inviewofcurrentbadeffectsmadebyusingdisposableplasticbags,weeachareresponsibleforlimitingtheiruse.Onlyinthiswaycanwehaveabrightfuture.,四级写作常用句型一综合运用篇1.随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是_。Alongwiththeadvanceofthesocietymoreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhichisthat.2.然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。（Holddifferentattitudes持不同的看；Comeupwithdifferentattitudes有不同的看法）Astowhetheritisablessingoracurse,however,peopletakedifferentattitudes.,3.随着社会的发展，人们开始关注.Associetydevelops,peopleareattachingmuchimportanceto.4.求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。Peopleareattachingmoreandmoreimportancetotheinterviewduringjobhunting5.关于是否值得_的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。Astowhetheritisworthwhile.,thereisalong-runningcontroversialdebate.Itisquitenaturalthatpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsmayhavedivergent（分歧的）attitudestowardsit.,6.在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。Intheprocessofmodernurbandevelopment,weoftenfindourselvesinadilemma.7.最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心_。Recentlythephenomenonhasarousedwideconcern,somepeopleareinalarmthat.8.人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。Thehumanracehasenteredacompletelynewstageinitshistory,withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,moreproblemsarebroughttoourattention.,9._显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是：我们该如何抉择？“.playssuchanimportantrolethatitundeniablybecomesthebiggestconcernofthepresentworld,therecomesaquestion,“isitablessingoracurse?”10.现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。Nowweareenteringanewera,fullofopportunitiesandchallenges.,二展现问题篇问题的常用词：question,problem,issue1.近来，_的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。Recently,theissueof.hasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.2.现在我们进入了一个个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。Nowweareenteringabrandnewerafullofopportunitiesandinnovations,andgreatchangeshavetakenplaceinpeoplesattitudetowardssometraditionalpractice.,3.近来，是否_的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。Recentlytheissueofwhetherornot.hasbeeninthelimelightandhasarousedwideconcerninthepublic.4._的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。Theissuewhetheritisgoodornotto.hasarousedaheateddiscussionalloverthecountry.,5.目前，一些人认为_而另一些人则认为_。其实，两种观点都有其可取之处。Atpresent,somepeoplethink.whileothersclaim.Bothsideshavetheirmerits.6.对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。Peoplerarelyreachanabsoluteconsensusonsuchacontroversialissue.7.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundswouldputdifferentinterpretationsonthesamecase.,8.这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。Thecontroversialissueisoftenbroughtintopublicfocus.Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundsholddifferentattitudestowardstheissue.9.说到_，有人认为_，而另一些人则认为_。Whenasked.,somepeoplethink.whilesomeprefer.10.俗话说，。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。Justasthesayinggoes:somanypeople,somanyminds.Itisquiteunderstandablethatviewsonthisissuevaryfrompersontoperson.,11.对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。Tothisissue,differentpeoplecomeupwithvariou