段落的展开方法ppt课件

段落发展几种手段,1,文章一般分为引言introduction，正文body和结束语conclusion三部分。其中的引言部分和结束语就形成了文章的引言段和结尾段，而正文部分就是发展段，它既可以是一个段落，也可以是几个段落。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。,2,1列举法(details),作者运用列举法，首先摆出一个论点，然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述或解释。是通过列举一系列的论据对topicsentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,3,Examples,YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididnthearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididntreadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadntgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidntnoticeasignonadoorthatsaidWetPaintandsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldntgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.,4,Examples,Somepeoplethinkthatmanaresuperiortowomaninmanyways.Foronething,manyjobswhichcaneasilybedonebymencanhardlybedonebywoman.Andforanother,mostoftheworldfamouspeoplearefoundtobemales.Moreover,thewholehumansocietyseemstohaveallalongbeendominatedbymenonly.Hence,menshouldenjoymorerightsthanwomen.,5,常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：,tobeginwith,first,second,also,besides,foronething,foranother,finally,moreover,oneanother,stillanother,等。,6,2.举例法(example),作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。通过主题句直截了当的提出自己的观点，再举出具体例子加以说明。,7,Supportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillusionsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable,orconvincing.Itisnotalwaysnecessarytosay“forexample”or“forinstance”whenanexampleisgiven.Theparagraphcanstartwithatopicsentence.Thendetailsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.Thisisthegeneral-to-specificpattern.Anotherpossiblearrangementofdetails(orexamples)inaparagraphisfromthespecifictothegeneral.Thedetailsarementionedfirst,andthegeneralstatement,whichmaybethetopicsentence,comesatetheendoftheparagraph,summarizingthemainideaoftheparagraph.,8,Examples,Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.,9,Examples,Pollutionisbecomingmoreandmoreseriousallovertheworld.Forexample,thepoisonousgassentoffbyfactoriesandautomobileshasmadetheairunhealthyforpeopletobreathe.Foranotherexample,wastewaterkeepspouringintoriversandlakes;asaresult,manywaterlivesaredyingout.Furthermore,everywherewegotoday,wecanfindrubbishcarelesslydisposed.Pollutionis,infact,threateningourexistence.,10,Myviewonanimalcommunication,Manypeoplethinkthatanimalscannotcommunicatewitheachother.Intheiropinion,theycannotspeakorwrite.However,Iholdthattheycancommunicate.Thefollowingexamplesserveasproofstosupportmyview.First,animalsofthesamespeciescancommunicatewitheachotherthroughsignals.Bees,forexample,usesignalstocommunicateinformationtootherbees.Whenabeehasfoundfood,itreturnstoitsownhive.Itdancesintheairtotellotherbeestheplacewherethefoodis.Asanotherinstance,someanimalsmakesoundstocommunicatetheirfeelingstopassinformationtoeachother.Acaseinpointisthatadogbarkswhenitisangryorexcited.Thisisalsotrueinthecaseofbirds.Birdsmakesoundstoshowdangerorfriendship.Interestinglyenough,animalscanevencommunicatewitheachotherbytouch.LionsrubeachotherThelistofexamplesisendless.Inaword,thesearetheusualwaysanimals“talk”witheachother.,11,常用的过渡连接词：,forexample(instance),oneexampleis,anotherexampleis,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,Toillustrate/acaseinpointisTherefore/Fromtheaboveexample/inconclusion/inshort,12,3.叙述法(narration),叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：,13,Examples,Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighbourwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.,14,常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：,first,anthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等。,15,4对比法或比较法(comparisonspelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecode,andpicturesigns.,20,6.因果分析法(causeandeffect),在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：Theroleofwomenintodayssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomensmovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsandinterestsserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.,21,Examples,Everyyear,earthquakesareresponsibleforalargenumberofdeathsandavastamountofdestructioninvariouspartsoftheworld.1)Someofthedestructionisdirectlycausedbythequakeitself.Anexampleofthisisthecollapseofbuildingsasaresultofvibration.2)Otherdamageresultsfromlandslides,largeoceanwavesormajorfireswhichareinitiatedbythequake.,22,常用于因果分析法的连接词有：,because,so,asaresult，since,owingto,becauseof,accordingly,asaresultof,toresultin,toresultfrom,therefore,consequently,forthisreason,tobethecauseof,tobedueto,tohaveaneffecton,等。,23,7定义法(definition),在科普文章的写作中，定义法必不可少的。通过下定义，可使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。用定义法发展的段落包括两个部分。首先是定义句，说明是什么东西。其后是扩展部分，如：被定义物的来历、性质、特征、原理、用途等。Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomationoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledtheSecondIndustrialRevolution.,24,Examples,Ateaspoonisautensilforscoopingupandcarryingsmallamountsofsomething.Ithastwojointparts:aflat,narrow,taperedhandle,bywhichitisheld,andashallow,ovalbowltodipcarryliquid,foodorothermaterials.Thehandleisaboutfourincheslong.Itarchesslightlyupwardatthewideend.Theshapeofthehandleallowsittofiteasilyinthehand