山东省自考英语Unit1Ahow-difficult-is-english

英语（二）,外语学院大学英语教研室,PartOneI.词汇语法题(10题/10分)II.完型填空题(10题/10分)III.阅读理解题(3篇/15题/30分)PartTwoIV.单词拼写题(20词/10分)概念，观念n.c_V.词形填空题(10题/10分)VI.汉译英(5句/15分)VII.英译汉(一段短文/15分),Unit1TextAHowDifficultIsEnglish,TextAHowDifficultIsEnglish,warming-up:1.HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?2.DoyouthinkEnglishisdifficulttolearn?Andwhy?3.ArethereanywaystohelpyoulearnEnglishwell?,TextAHowDifficultIsEnglish,Textorganization:,PartI(para.1),Mainidea,TheauthortellsvariousdifficultiesinlearningEnglish.,PartII(para.2-6),PartIII(para.7）,Intheauthorsopinion,Englishisdifficulttolearn.,TheauthorstillwonderswhetheritspossibletocommandEnglish,TextA-2-1,LikethenationalpushforAsianliteracyinAustralia,therehasbeenforeignlanguagesfervorinChina,withEnglishontopofthelist.Englishisnotonlytaughtatschools,collegesanduniversities,butalsoateveningclasses,onradioandTV.Parentshireprivatetutorsfortheirschoolchildren;adultEnglishlearnerswouldsacrificetheweekendatanEnglishcornerinapublicparkpracticingtheirspokenEnglishwithpeopleofthesameinterestanddetermination.IsEnglishsuchadifficultlanguagethatitreallydemandspeopletoinvestalargeamountoftimeandenergybeforeitismastered?Theanswer,ifIamaskedtooffer,isundoubtedly,yes.,TextA,TextA-2-1,2Frommypersonalexperience,IthinklearningEnglishmeansfarmorethanlearningitspronunciation,itsgrammaticalrules,itswords,etc.Itinvolveslearningeverythingaboutthecountries(whereitisused)andthepeople(whouseit).Withoutsuchacompleteunderstandingofthelanguage,theEnglish(aforeignerspeaks)willinevitablysoundstrangeorevenunintelligiblethoughthereisnotanythingwrongwithhispronunciation,sentencestructureandthewords(heuses).,TextA,TextA-2-2,3ThesocialcustomsandhabitsoftheEnglishspeakingpeoplecontributealottothedifficulty（aforeignerhasinlearningit）.TaketheChineseEnglishlearnersforexample.“Hello”and“Goodmorning”maysoundalittlebitsimpletoChinesepeople.ItistotallybeyondtheunderstandingofaChineseEnglishlearnerthatnativeEnglishspeakerswouldbeannoyedwhentheyreaddressed“Whereareyougoing?”，whichisacommonlyusedaddressingamongtheChinese.IsthereanythingwrongwiththeEnglishsentencestructure?Ofcoursenot.,TextA,TextA-3,3IttakesquitesometimeforaChineseEnglishlearnertounderstandthewesternconceptofprivacybeingviolatedinthisaddress.Bythesametoken,Haveyoueaten?”(WhichisanotheraddressingtermtheChinesepeopleusuallyuse)willsoundtonativeEnglishspeakersthattheChinesearesohospitablethattheyinvitepeopletomealsoff-handedly.Meanwhile,theChinesewouldbeshockedtohear,“Oh,Itsveryniceofyou.When?”,iftheaddresseehappenstohaveacravingforChinesecookingandhasnothadhisdinneryet.,TextA,TextA-4,4Wecansaywearegoingtohavechickenfordinner.Whycantwesaypig,bullorsheepfordinnerinsteadofpork,beeformutton?”ChineseEnglishlearnersmayraisesuchquestions.FiguringoutthereasonsforthepeculiarEnglishvocabularyisnoeasytaskforChineseEnglishlearners.ButtheproblemisthatmemorizingEnglishwordsmechanicallywouldbedevastatingandinefficientiftheydidnotknowwhathadhappenedinBritishhistory.ThuslearningEnglish(andotherlanguagesaswell)involveslearningthehistoryofthecountries(whereitisspoken).,TextA,TextA-4,4AtaskofthiskindismoredifficultforChineseEnglishlearnersthanforpeoplewhospeakawesternlanguageotherthanEnglishbecauseChinesehasnothingincommonwiththealphabeticEnglishandChinahadlittlecontactwiththeWesternworldinmodernhistory.Consequently,thebackgroundknowledgeofEnglishfascinateslargenumbersofinterestedanddeterminedEnglishlearnersinChinabutatthesametimedisheartensquiteafew.,TextA,TextA-4,5TheWesternandOrientalvaluesarefoundtobeinconfrontationinlearningEnglish.NativeEnglishspeakersmaycomplainaboutChineseconfusionwhenusing“he”and“she”,forthetwowordssoundthesame,though,differentinwrittenformsinChinese.Asaresult,somenativeEnglishspeakersconcludethattheChineseareunabletotellthedifferencebetweenthetwosexes.ButnativeEnglishspeakersaremoregenderblindthantheChinesewhentheymentiontheircousins.,TextA,TextA-4,5Theconfusion(causedbytheconfrontationofWesternandChinesevalues),toacertainextent,affectstheChineseEnglishlearnerscomprehensionofwhathe/shereadsandhears.OnlybydevelopinganunderstandingandtoleranceofdifferentculturalvaluescanaChineseEnglishlearnerreachthegoalofcommunicatingwiththenativespeakers.,TextA,TextA-4,6AChineseEnglishlearnercouldnothaveagoodcommandofEnglishunlessheovercomestheculturalbarriers(notall,ofcourse!)inlearningEnglish.ManyChinesetranslatewhattheythinkaboutinChineseintoEnglishwhentheytalkorwrite.ThiskindofEnglishinevitablyaffectsthefluencyandflowofspeech,theamountofinformationconveyed,and,aboveall,thequalityofcommunication.,TextA,TextA-4,7Theaboveis,notwholly,howdifficultEnglishis.Somenativespeakersmighthavesaid,“YouforeignersdontusegoodEnglish!”atthetimeaforeignerfailstounderstandwhatheissaying.“WhyshouldI?”Iwouldprotest,though.Still,Ihavetokeepaskingmyself:IsitpossibleforaforeignertocommandEnglish?,TextA,A-Trans-1,英语有多难1就如澳大利亚在全国推行学习亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中英语高居榜首。不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。,TextA,A-Trans-2,2从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。,TextA,A-Trans-3,3讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度.以学英语的中国人为例，“你好”和“早上好”在中国人看来是非常简单的。你去哪儿?是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及你去哪儿?，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗?当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到你吃了吗?(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答太好了，什么时候?，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。,TextA,A-Trans-4,4中国的英语学习者可能会这样问：我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?。对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使许多人丧失信心。,TextA,A-Trans-4,5英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语中他她的用法，因为这两个字尽管字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读或所听到的内容的理解。学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者交流的目标。,TextA,A-Trans-4,6学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化障碍!)很多中国人说话或写作的时候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交流的质量。,TextA,A-Trans-4,7尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候可能会说：你们外国人不懂地道的英语!我要反驳：我们为什么要懂?我还要问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗?,TextA,Asianliteracy：,澳大利亚政府规定，日语，汉语，朝语和印尼语为澳大利亚小学生必修课程，任何小学生必须选以上四种语言中的一种作为第二或第三外语。,TextA,e.g.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,withabookinherhand.Isatonthefloor,withmydoglyingbesideme.,absolutestructure:With/without+n./pron.+-ed/-ing/non-finiteverb/adj./adv./prepphrase,withEnglishontopofthelist,TextA,e.g.TheancientGreekssacrificedlambsbeforeengaginginbattle.古希腊人参战前都要献祭羊羔。Insomecountries,animalsaresacrificedtoagod.在一些国家，动物被用作祭品给神。.,TextA,sacrificeskrifais,vt.（1）用.做祭品(+to),e.g.Youmustnotsacrificestudiesforpleasure.你不能为享乐而牺牲学业。Hesacrificedapromisingcareertolookafterhishandicappeddaughter.他牺牲了光明的前程来照顾残疾的女儿。,sacrificeskrifais,vt.(2)牺牲;献出(+for),TextA,e.g.Theyofferedapigasasacrifice.他们把一头猪作为祭品。Alambwasofferedinsacrifice.一只羊羔被当做了祭品。,sacrificeskrifais,n.(3)祭品，祭献C智能;聪颖;智慧intelligent聪明的；理解力强的；intellectual（adj.智力的；有才智的）（n.知识分子；脑力劳动者）,TextA,vt.(that/todosth)Hegotveryannoyedwithmeaboutmycarelessness.annoyingniiadj.causingslightangerThatmanwasrudeandwhathesaidmademe_.AannoyingBannoyCannoyedwhathesaidwas_.AannoyingBannoyCannoyed真题：Tohis_(annoy),hediscoveredtheyhadntwaited.,TextA,annoy,C,A,annoyance,addressdres,n.称呼;地址Whatsyourhomeaddress?vt.(1)writealettertosb给某人写信；Theletterisaddressedtoyounotme(2)makeaspeechtosb;state向.致词,向.发表演说;Heisgoingtoaddressthemeeting.他将向大会作演说。(3)称呼(+as)HeaddressedherasMissMattie.他称呼她为玛蒂小姐。addressee,dresi:n.听话者，受话者addresserdresn.发言人，发信人,真题Sheturnedto_(addressee)themanonherleft.The_(address)ofhisspeechishis5-year-oldson.,address,addressee,Hemadesomenotesforhis_(privacy)use.,private,好客的，热情的adj.h_,hospitable,e.g.Hehasacravingformoney.他渴望赚钱。,haveacravingfor,v.haveanextremelystrongdesireforsomething渴望,TextA,虚拟语气subjunctivemood,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等,TextA,IfIwereyou,Iwouldworkharderatmylessons.如果我是你，我就会努力学习IfIwereyou,Iwouldgowithhim.如果我是你的话，我就和他一块去。,Theywereimpressedbythespeedand_(efficient)ofthenewsystem.Mynewcomputersmuchfasterandmore_(efficiency)thantheoldonewas.,efficiency,efficient,猪：pig猪肉：pork牛：cow牛肉：beef羊：sheep羊肉：lamb/mutton鱼：fish鱼肉：fish鸡：chicken鸡肉：chicken鸭：duck鸭肉：duck,1000多年以前，由征服者威廉领导的诺曼底人征服了英格兰（theNormansconqueredEngland），英国人沦为了下层阶级(lowerclass)。于是，诺曼法语（Franai）成了上层社会（higherclass）的语言，而本土的英语则受到了冷落，甚至可以说是蔑视。下层社会养猪、养羊、养牛的人使用那些家禽往往都是直呼其名，pig来sheep去的，但到了上流社会人家的餐桌上变成美食，就要换一副“高贵”的称呼了。比如，在当时的古法语中，猪肉为porc，牛肉为buef，羊肉为mouton；于是渐渐的，英语的猪牛羊肉也不用pigmeat，cowmeat，sheepmeat来表达，而是受法语影响，说成pork，beef，mutton，不过mutton多指当时较老的绵羊肉，现代社会我们说羊肉时一般都会用lamb来表达，大家吃的都是肉质较嫩的羔羊肉了嘛。不过，由于当时餐桌上的肉食主要为这三种，其它的肉类就没有受此影响。所以，鱼和鱼肉都是fish，鸡和鸡肉都是chicken，鸭和鸭肉都是duck。,举起，升起vt.r_,raise,对学习外语的中国人来说，要为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理据并非易事。,e.g.Iborrowedsomebooksotherthannovels.我借了几本书，都不是小说。Prep.除了e.g.Shehasnoclosefriendsotherthanhim.除了他以外她没有好朋友.,otherthan,prep.不同，不同于,非,TextA,迷住，强烈的吸引住vt.f_,fascinate,v.诉苦抱怨toexpresscomplaints,discontent,displeasure,orunhappiness,ReadingA,Complain,e.g.“Youneveraskmyopinionaboutanything”RodcomplainedRod抱怨说：“任何事情，你从来不一下我的意见。”,ReadingA,Complain,e.g.PeoplecomplainthattheydontgetenoughinformationSheoftencomplainsaboutnotfeelingappreciatedatworkNeighborscomplainedtothepoliceaboutthedogsbarking,混乱，混淆n.c_,confusion,容忍，宽容n.t_,tolerance,AChineseEnglishlearnerneedstodevelopanunderstandingand_(tolerate)ofdifferentculturalvalues.,tolerance,Weneedtoshowgreater_(tolerant)toeachother.,tolerance,倒装,Herecomesthecar.,NeverhaveIseenthiskindofcar.,全部倒装：CompleteInversion将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前,部分倒装：PartialInversion把be/助动词/情态动词提前到主语的前面,倒装Inversion,把be/助动词/情态动词提前到主语的前面Isamarewasweredodoesdidcancouldwouldmaywillmight等,部分倒装：,only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时,要进行部分倒装，如：IrealizedtheimportanceoflearningEnglishonlythen.OnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceoflearningEnglish.,YoucanhopetoimprovethesituationthereOnlyinthisway.Onlyinthiswaycanyouhopetoimprovethesituationthere.,IwasabletoseehimOnlyafterhecamebackOnlyafterhecamebackwasIabletoseehim.注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如：OnlysocialismcansaveChina.,OnlybydevelopinganunderstandingandtoleranceofdifferentculturalvaluescanaChineseEnglishlearnerreachthegoalofcommunicatingwiththenativespeakers.AChineseEnglishlearnercanreachthegoalofcommunicatingwiththenativespeakersonlybydevelopinganunderstandingandtoleranceofdifferentculturalvalues,I.ReadingComprehensionA2.D3.B4.B5.C,LL-Task5-1,Task5TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish,就如澳大利亚在全国推广学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中英语高居榜首。LikethenationalpushforAsianliteracyinAustralia,therehasbeenforeignlanguagesfervorinchina,withEnglishontopofthelist.2.英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？IsEnglishsuchadifficultlanguagethatitreallydemandspeopletoinvestalargeamountoftimeandenergybeforeitismastered?3.从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是指学习英语发音和语法规则等。Frommypersonalexperience,IthinklearningEnglishmeansfarmorethanlearningitspronunciation,grammaticalrules,etc.,LanguageLab,LL-Task5-1,4.对英语没有全面的理解，即便有完美的发音、句子结构、措词，一个外国人所讲的英语也会是稀奇古怪甚至难以理解的。Withoutacompleteunderstandingofthelanguage,theEnglishaforeignerspeakswillinevitablysoundstrangeorevenunintelligiblethoughthereisnotanythingwrongwithhispronunciation,sen