国外心理学精要第版课件myers.ppt

PsychologicalDisorders,Aconstellationofsymptomsthatcreatesignificantdistressorimpairmentinwork,school,family,relationships,and/ordailyliving,PsychologicalDisorders,Diagnosis/categorizationofmentalillnessescanbeverysubjectiveHomosexualityuntil1973BodyDysmorphicDisorderWhileintheDSM-IV,isnotrecognizedbyHMOsKoroSoutheastAsiaMencandevelopafearthatonespeniswillwithdrawintoonesabdomen,causingdeathWinigoAlgonquinIndianhuntersIntensefearofbeingturnedintoacannibalbysupernaturalmonster,PsychologicalDisorders,Diagnosis/categorizationofmentalillnessescanbeverysubjectiveRosenhan(1973)studyMentallyhealthyconfederateswereadmittedwithschizophreniaintopsychiatrichospitalsTheythenbehavednormallyinthehospitals,buttheirnormalbehaviorwasinterpretedaspathologicalbasedonpreviousdiagnosis,DSM-IV,OfficialcategorizationofpsychdisordersinU.S.5-Axismodeladoptedin1980Axis1Clinicaldisorders(e.g.,mood“alarmsystem”forfightorflightresponse)Personalbeliefthatphysiologicalarousalisharmful;highnumberofstressfulchildhood/adolescentevents,AnxietyDisorders:Phobias,Axis1SimpleIntense,irrationalfearofaspecificobjectorsituationGeer(1965)MostintensefearsUntimely/earlydeathIllness,injuryordeathofalovedoneSpeakingbeforeagroupSnakesNotbeingasuccess,makingmistakes,failingatestSuffocating,AnxietyDisorders:Phobias,SocialFearpublicscrutinyandembarrassmentMostcommonphobiaHypothesizedcausesHyperactivityofamygdalaincertainsituationsinvolvingthefearedentityExtremeshynessinchildhoodperpetuatessocialphobiaintoadulthoodClassicalandoperantconditioning(LittleAlbert)Socialmodelingofotherswhohavephobias,AnxietyDisorders:PosttraumaticStressDisorder(PTSD),Axis1Typicallyoccurafteratraumaticevent(especiallycrimes,war)Symptomsincludere-experiencingtrauma(dreams,flashbacks),avoidanceofanythingassociatedwithtrauma,andconstantstateofhypervigilanceSenseofhavingnocontroloverthetraumaticevent“theworldisadangerousplace”Drugabuseishighw/PTSDNegativereinforcement(avoidanceofsymptomswithuse),AnxietyDisorders:PosttraumaticStressDisorder(PTSD),HypothesizedcausesHypersensitivityoflocuscoeruleus(“alarmsystem”)andlimbicsystemThosewithlowerIQs,fewercognitive/intellectualresourcesBeliefthatworldisadangerousplaceLackoffamily/friend/socialsupportaftertrauma,AnxietyDisorders:Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder(OCD),Axis1ObsessionsRecurrent,intrusivethoughtsCompulsionsRecurrenturgestoperformritualisticactionsWashing:thoughtsofcontaminationChecking:DidIlockthecar?Counting:Countto100sothattheobsessivethoughtofdisasterwillnothappen,AnxietyDisorders:Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder(OCD),HypothesizedcausesMalfunctionofcaudatenucleusofthebasalgangliaNotturningoffrecurrentthoughtsSerotonin-basedmedicationsreducesymptoms(although“why”isnotknown)Operantconditioning:compulsionsrelieveanxietycreatedbyobsessionsRejectingfamiliesleadtohigherstress,whichmanifestsintoOCDforrejectedperson,ClassActivity,Foreachofthefollowingwords,writeasentencethatdescribesanexperienceyouhadthatisassociatedwiththatrespectivewordTrainIceHouseMeetingMachineRoadRainTunnel,ClassActivity,Foreachexperienceyouwrotedown,ratewhethertheexperiencewaspleasantorunpleasantAfteryouhaveratedallexperiences,tallythetotalnumberofpleasantandunpleasantexperiences,ClassActivity,Howhaveyoufelttoday?Happy?Sad?Somewhatdepressed?Thenumberofpleasantvs.unpleasantexperiencesyourecalledshouldberelatedtoyourmoodtoday.Whenwearedepressed,weremembermoreunpleasantthanpleasantevents.,MoodDisorders,EmotionaldisturbancesthatinterferewithnormallifefunctioningAxis1MajorDepressiveDisorderAtleast2weeksofdepressedmood/lossofinterestalongwithseveralothersymptoms,includingSignificantweightloss(butnotthroughadiet)InsomniaorhypersomniaRestlessnessorsluggishnessIndecisiveness,lackofconcentrationThoughtsofdeathorsuicide,MoodDisorders:MajorDepressiveDisorder,HypothesizedcausesLowactivityinfrontallobeareathatcontrolsemotionalcentersofbrainMarkedlydifferentlevelsofserotonin&norepinephrinethannormallevelsNegativeviewofworld,self,&future(internal&stableattributionsofself-blame)Critical&unsupportivefamilies,30%ofclinicallydepressedpeopleattemptsuicideRememberIfsomeonetalksaboutit,theyrereallythinkingaboutitAttemptersoftendontreallywanttodieSomeonewhosbeendepressed&issuddenlybettermayhavemadethedecisionIfyouhaveanyreasontowonderGETHELP!,MoodDisorders:Suicide,MoodDisorders:BipolarDisorder,Manicphases&depressiveepisodesManicphaseslastatleastaweekandarecharacterizedbyintenseagitationand/orelationFollowedbydepressiveepisodesLeftuntreated,theseextremeshiftsinmoodcanprogresstoaconstantstateHypothesizedcausesEnlargedamygdala(lymbicsystem:emotions)Abnormallevelsofserotonin&norepinephrineAbnormalandcontinuousexposuretoelectriclightsCriticalandunsupportivefamilies,EatingDisorders,Axis190%ofdiagnosesarewomenAnorexianervosaIntensefearofgainingweightconstantdesiretokeeplosingweightTheyusuallyweighlessthan85%ofavgweightforheightDistortedbodyimageLossofmenstrualperiods(amenorrhea)10%diefromthisdisorder,EatingDisorders:AnorexiaNervosa,HypothesizedcausesFamilyhistoryofOCDBeing“perfectionistic”,irrationalaboutexpectationsforbodyFeelingsofmasteryoverbodyCulturalemphasisonbeingthin,EatingDisorders:BulimiaNervosa,Recurrentbingeeatingfollowedbypurging,fasting,and/orintenseexercisingHypothesizedcausesLowerlevelsofserotonin(createsfeelingofsatiety)DietinginsomeextremecasescanleadtoonsetNormativeinfluence:approvalbypeers,SchizophrenicDisorders,Axis1Grosslyimpaired/alteredfunctioningSocialWithdrawn,fewfriends,usuallysincechildhoodAffect(emotional)Flataffect,inappropriatedisplaysCognitiveDelusions,hallucinationsMotorTracingpatternsintheairorholdingoneposeforhoursPositive(presenceofabnormalbehavior)vs.negative(absenceofnormalfunctioning)symptoms,SchizophrenicDisorders,CatatonicBizarre,immobile,orrelentlessmotorbehaviorsParanoidHallucinations(voices),delusionsofpersecutionand/orgrandeur(Jesus),suspicionIntellectandaffectareusuallynormalDisorganizedPersonalitydeterioration,bizarrebehavior(publicurination),disorganizedspeechOrflat,inappropriateaffect(laughter)Undifferentiated:nospecificcategoryisappropriate,SchizophrenicDisorders,About1in100developschizophreniaworldwideHypothesizedcausesHavingrelativeswithschizophreniaincreasesriskBut,over80%w/aschizophrenicrelativedonotdevelopitImpairedfrontallobefunctioningAbstractthinking&planningAbnormallyhighlevelsofdopamineComplicationsatbirthwhichleadtooxygendeprivation,PersonalityDisorders,Axis2Stable,inflexible,andmaladaptivepersonalitytraits,causingdistressinnormalfunctioning,especiallynoticeableoverrepeatedlyinteractions,PersonalityDisorders:Anti-socialPersonalityDisorder,A.k.a.psychopaths,sociopaths,socialdeviantsPatternofdisregardforothers,violationoftherightsofothersLackofconscience,empathy,remorseWhileonly1-2%ofU.S.population,60%ofmaleprisonersareestimatedtohavethispersonalitydisorderSerialkillersaregoodexample,PersonalityDisorders:Anti-socialPersonalityDisorder,HypothesizedcausesEmotionaldeprivation,abuse,andinconsistent/poorparentingUnderresponsivenervoussystemSensation-seeking&unaffectedbysocialrejection,mildpunishment,and/orlegalconsequences,Personal