英语19.状语从句

第22讲状语从句,一、状语从句的本质,英语中的状语从句有九大类，分别可表示：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。从本质上来讲，状语从句就是用不同的连接词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。状语从句的引导词主要有：,二、时间状语从句,1、when+短暂动词(1)相当于：atthattime，从句谓语动词通常是短暂动词，表示某一时刻的动作。a.Illspeaktohimwhenhearrives.b.Illtellhimaboutitwhenhecomesback.c.WhenIarrived,hewastalkingonthephone.d.WhenIgotthere,hehadalreadyleft.从句也可接延续动词，这时从句往往用过去进行时态，表示某一时问段内发生的动作。e.ThedoorbellrangwhenIwastelephoning.(2)注意主句和从句的时态搭配，以及不同时态表达的主句动作和从句动作的时间先后关系。,(3)也可用whenever“无论何时”引导时间状语从句。a.WheneveryousayIloveyou,meanit.WheneveryousayImsorry,lookthepersonrightintheeyes.b.Wheneversomeoneasksyousomethingyoudontwanttoanswer,smileandaskwhydoyouwanttoknow?c.Smilewheneveryoupickupthephone,forthecallerwillbeabletonoticeit.,2、while+延续动词相当于：duringthattime，表示某一时间段内发生的动作，因此，从句谓语动词通常接延续动词。a.ThephonerangwhileIwastakingmybath.b.ThedoorbellrangwhilewewerewatchingTV.c.Adetectivearrestedacriminalandwasabouttohandcuff(v.上手铐)himwhenahugegust(n.一阵狂风)ofwindblewthedetectiveshatoff.ShallIgoandfetchit?thecriminalasked.Doyoutakemeforafool?askedthedetective.YouwaitherewhileIgoandgetit!d.Iwaswalkingalongtheroadsuddenlysomeonepattedmeontheshoulderfrombehind.A.immediatelyB.whenC.themomentD.while,3、until(1)当主句谓语动词是延续动词时，通常用肯定形式。a.Waituntilhecomesback.b.Wellstayheretillitstopsraining.c.WhenIshowedmyDadmyreportcard,Isaid,Remember,Dad,ThomasEdisongotbadgradesinschool,too.Hesaid,Fine,stayinyourroomuntilyouinventthelightbulb(灯泡).d.UntilIcameback,hewaswaitingformeatmyhome.,(2)若主句谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式。这就是我们常说的“notuntil”结构。a.IdidnotrealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.b.Onewillneverrealizehowmuchandhowlittleheknowsuntilhestartstalking.c.IcecreamdidnotreachAmericauntilaboutthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury.d.Ididntgotobeduntil12oclocklastnight.e.Hedidntleavetheofficeuntilhisbosscameback.,(3)“notuntil”有四种不同句式，请看下例：A.正常结构：a.Thelittleboydidntsmileuntilhesawhismother.b.Theexacttimeofdyingwasnotofgreatimportanceuntilrecently.B.until置于句首：a.Untilhesawhismother,thelittleboydidntsmile.b.Untilrecentlytheexacttimeofdyingwasnotofgreatimportance.,C.倒装结构：a.Notuntilhesawhismotherdidthelittleboysmile.b.Notuntilrecentlywastheexacttimeofdyingofgreatimportance.c.Notuntil12oclocklastnightdidIgotobed.d.Notuntilhisbosscamebackdidheleavetheoffice.D.强调结构：a.Itwasnotuntilhesawhismotherthatthelittleboysmiled.b.Itwasnotuntilrecentlythattheexacttimeofdyingwasofgreatimportance.,注意：until后接的动词常是短暂性动词。在notuntil倒装结构中，需部分倒装的是主句中的谓语动词，而非从句中的谓语动词。A.Notuntilshehadarrivedhomedidsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.倒装结构演化成强调结构时，则主句谓语不再采用倒装形式。a.Notuntilshehadarrivedhomedidsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.b.Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhomethatsherememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.,4、表示“一就”(1)assoonas,once,theminute,themoment,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly主从句时态一般一致，后边通常接短暂动词，表示一点动作。a.wewillleaveassoonasitstopsraining.b.ItbegantorainassoonasIarrivedhome.c.ItbegantorainimmediatelyIarrivedhome.d.ItbegantorainthemomentIarrivedhome.e.Thedoorbellrangassoonaswebeganhavingdinner.f.Donttrustthosewholeavetheirfriendsthemomenttheygetintodifficulty!g.Onceitstopsraining,wewillleave.,h.Youseethelightningithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.A.theinstantB.foraninstantC.ontheinstantD.inaninstant(2)hardly/scarcely.when，nosooner.than。主句多用过去完成时，且常倒装，从句用一般过去时。它与assoonas等的从句、主句互换。a.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.b.Hardly/ScarcelyhadIarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.c.Nosoonerhadwebegunhavingdinnerthanthedoorbellrang.,5、表示时间的短语引导的时间状语从句有一些表示时间的短语也可当作连词来用，引导时间状语从句：nexttime,bythetime,everytime,eachtime,theday,theweek等。a.Thedayhereturned,hisfatherwasalreadydead.b.Nexttimeyoucome,remembertobringalongyoursister.c.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.d.Intheclassicchildrenstale,thepuppetPinocchiosnosegrowslongereverytimehetellsalie.,关注：bythetime意思是“在之前”，强调的是“一个动作在另外一个动作之前已经完成”，因此，bythetime后边接从句，而与其搭配的主句要用完成时态。注意下句时态搭配：,三、地点状语从句,1、地点状语从句通常由where引导，并且一般放在主句后边。a.Staywhereyouare.b.Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.c.Adrivershouldslowdownwherethereareschools.2、也可由wherever，anywhere和everywhere引导地点状语从句。a.Whereverhehappenstobe,Clintcanmakehimselfathome.b.Everywheretheyappeared,therewereovations.,3、地点状语从句若放在句首，往往失去地点含义，而含有条件意味。a.Whereverthereislove,thereisalsowealthandsuccess!b.Wherethereispain,wewishyoupeaceandmercy.c.Wherethereisself-doubting,wewishyouarenewedconfidenceinyourabilitytoworkthroughthem.d.Wherethereistiredness,orexhaustion,wewishyouunderstanding,patienceandrenewedstrength.e.Wherethereisfear,wewishyouloveandcourage.,四、原因状语从句,1、原因状语从句常见连词(1)because语气最强，只有它才能用来回答why引导的问句。引出的原因往往是听话人不知道的或最感兴趣的。a.YouwanttoknowwhyIamleaving?IamleavingbecauseImfedupwiththejobandboss.b.MyfriendsdislikemebecauseImhandsomeandsuccessful.它可与强调词only，just连用。a.JustbecauseIdontcomplain,peoplethinkImsatisfied.b.Youshouldntgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.,(2)since：表示人们已知的事实，不须强调的原因。所以常译成“既然”，通常放在句首。a.SinceMondayisBobsbirthday,letsthrowhimaparty.b.Sinceeveryoneishere,letsgetstarted.c.Sinceyouarefreetonight,whynotdropinandplaychesswithme?d.Sincewedonthaveclasstomorrow,whynotgooutforapicnic?e.Sinceyouaresleepy,youmightaswellgotobed.f.SinceyouareanEnglishmajor,Iguessyoucanhelpmewiththissentence.,(3)as：与since用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不须用because加以强调。a.Shedidnthearuscomeinasshewasasleep.b.Ileftamessageasyouwerentthere.c.AsMondayisanationalholiday,allgovernmentofficeswillbeclosed.d.IhavetospeakEnglishwiththem,astheguysIlivewithdontknowanyChinese.,(4)for：for表示推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明，通常放在主句后边。a.Thedaysareshort,foritisnowDecember.b.Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.试比较：Becauseitrainedlastnight,thegroundiswetthismorning.c.Itmustbemorning,forthebirdsaresinging.d.Payattentiontoyourenemies,fortheyarethefirsttodiscoveryourmistakes.,2、用介词表示因果关系常用的介词：becauseof，dueto(不用在句首)，owingto(常用于句首)。因为是介词，所以后边只能接名词，而不是从句。a.Wehadanaccidentbecausehewascareless.b.Wehadanaccidentduetohiscarelessness.c.Owingtohiscarelessnesswehadanaccident.,3、because的否定转移在主句是否定的情况下，because引导的从句的翻译可分为两种情形：(1)两种理解方式：a.Ididntattendthemeetingbecausehewaspresent,too.翻译1：因为当时也有他出席，所以我没有去参加这个会议。作这种理解时，原句主句和从句之间应该有一逗号：Ididntattendthemeeting,becausehewaspresent,too.,翻译2：我出席这次会议并不是因为有他参加。原句相当于：Iattendedthemeeting,notbecausehewaspresent,too.这种形式上是否定主句，但在意思上是否定原因从句的情形我们称之为否定转移。b.Hedidnotmarryherbecausehelovedher.翻译1：因为他爱她，所以他决定不跟她结婚。翻译2：他并不是因为爱她才和她结婚。,(2)只能作为否定转移来理解：a.IdontstudyEnglishjustbecauseIliketo.b.CertainlyIdontteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving.NordoIteachbecauseIthinkIknowanswers,orbecauseIhaveknowledgeIfeetcompelledtoshare.,c.Hedoesntexercisebecausehelikesto.A.Helikestoexercisebyhimself.B.Heexercisesforreasonsotherthanenjoyment.C.Hesgladhedoesnthavetoexercise.D.Hedoesnthaveenoughtimetoexercise.d.Theconferencespurposeistodemonstratethatwereallcontinuingtofocusontheeconomyasthepresidentpromisedtodowhenhecameintoofficeandthatmeansnotsittingaroundandpattingyourselfonthebackbecauseoftheunemploymentandinflationratesbeinglow.,其他类似的否定转移：这种否定转移不局限于because原因从句。一般来说，句中什么词重读就否定什么词。e.Hewontgotojustanyschool.A.Hestheonlyonewhowontgowithus.B.Hejustwontgotoschool.C.Hellprobablystudyinseverallocations.D.Hesparticularaboutwherehegoestoschool.,f.Ididntwritethatmemotothedepartmentchairtoamusemyself.A.Iwroteafunnylettertodepartmentchair.B.Idontthinkthedepartmentwillwritemealetter.C.Thedepartmentchairwasamusedbymyletter.D.Iwrotetothedepartmentchairaboutaseriousmatter.g.Ididntspendthreehoursrepairingyourvacuumsoitcouldsitinthecloset.,4、其他复合连词表示原因(1)seeing(that)，now(that)，considering(that)，given(that)“鉴于某个事实，考虑到”a.Seeingthatitsraininghard,wellhavetostayhereforthenight.b.Theydidthejobverywell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience.c.Giventhattheyareinexperienced,theyvedoneagoodjob.d.Nowthatthesemesterisfinished,Imgoingtorestafewdaysandthentakeatrip.e.Nowthatyouaresixteen,youcangetadriverslicense.,(2)inthat基本意思是“原因就在于”，其引导的从句要放在主句后边，而且主句通常是在作比较。a.Thegirlislikehermotherinthatshealsohasverydelicatefeeling.b.Britainspressisunusualinthatitisdividedintotwoverydifferenttypesofnewspaper:thequalitypressandthepopularpress.c.Mercurydiffersfromotherindustrialmetalsinthatitisaliquid.d.Liquidsarelikesolidstheyhaveadefinitevolume.A.inthatB.forthatC.withthatD.atthate.LhasaisuniqueitisthehighestcityinChina.A.onthatB.sothatC.forthatD.inthat,(3)notthat.butthat意思是“不是因为而是因为”。a.Ihaventfinishedwritingthereportyet,notthatImlazy,butthatIhavenotime.(4)此外还有：inasmuchas，insomuchas，inasmuchas，insomuchas也可表原因，但显得比较文绉绉的，不太常用，通常只用于很正式的书面语或演讲中。a.Inasmuchasthetwogovernmentleaderscouldnotreachanagreement,thepossibilitiesforpeacearestillremote.,五、目的状语从句,1、目的状语从句常见引导词：sothat，inorderthat或that。从句中常含有情态动词maymight，shallshould，willwould，cancould等。a.When1wasachild,Iwouldtakeaflashlight(手电筒)tobedwithmesothatIcouldreadcomicbookswithoutmyparentsknowingaboutit.b.Ispokeslowlyandclearlysothatinorderthattheaudiencecouldunderstandme.c.Theycarvedthewordsonthestonesothatinorderthatthefuturegenerationshouldrememberwhattheyhaddone.d.Weclimbedhigh(so)thatwemightgetabetterview.,e.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinorderthatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.f.IturnedofftheTV(inorder)thatmyroommatecouldstudyinpeaceandquiet.g.Hehasrecentlydevotedmuchtimetowritingbooksonthesubjectsothatthecominggenerationcanlearnthemartialarts.从句一般位于主句之后。若要强调目的状语从句，可将sothat，inorderthat置于句首。h.Inorderthatthecominggenerationcanlearnthemartialarts,hehasrecentlydevotedmuchtimetowritingbooksonthesubject.,2、目的状语从句的简化(1)Inorderfor+sb.+todosth.a.Ispokeslowlyandclearlyinorderfortheaudiencetounderstandme.b.Theycarvedthewordsonthestoneinorderforthefuturegenerationtorememberwhattheyhaddone.c.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinorderforthestudentsinthebacktohearmoreclearly.d.IturnedofftheTVinorderformyroommatetostudyinpeaceandquiet.,(2)inordertosoasto+do若目的状语从句主语与主句主语是同一人或物，则可用inorderto或soasto+动词不定式（短语）来表示目的。a.Allthekeywordsinthearticleareprintedinboldtypesoastoattractreadersattention.b.WhenIwasachild,Iwouldtakeaflashlight(手电筒)tobedwithmeinordertoreadcomicbookswithoutmyparentsknowingaboutit.c.Iarrivedatthecinemaearlysoasnottomissthebeginningofthefilm.,d.Weclimbedhighinordertogetabetterview.e.Weclimbedhighsoastogetabetterview.f.Inordertogetabetterview,weclimbedhigh.g.Soastogetabetterview,weclimbedhigh.（不正确）h.measurematterwemusthaveunitsofweight,volumeandlength.A.InorderB.InordertoC.SoasD.Soasto,(3)直接用动词不定式表示目的a.Togetabetterview,weclimbedhigh.b.Toavoidcriticism,donothing,saynothing,benothing.c.Toacquireknowledge,onemuststudy;buttoacquirewisdom,onemustobserve.d.Idclimbthehighestmountain,justtoseeyousmile.Idswimtheocean,justtoholdyourhand.Idrunamillionmiles,justtobewithyouforever.,3、其他引导词(1)lest，forfear(that)，incase也可引导目的状语从句，有时含有否定意义，可译为“以免，以防，生怕”。a.Takeanumbrellawithyoulestitshouldrain.b.Peopleevacuatedthebuildingforfearthatthewallshouldcollapse.c.Shecleansthewindowwithgreatcarelestshemightbreaktheglass.d.Wehadameetingandtalkedthematteroverfacetoface,forfearthatthereshouldbeanymisunderstanding.,(2)还可用inthehopethat；onpurposethat，forthepurposethat，totheendthat等来表示目的。a.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.,六、结果状语从句,1、结果状语从句常见引导词(1)常用的引导词有：so.that，such.that，suchthat。从句中一般不带情态助动词，且从句都要放在主句之后。a.SensibleSam：Isawyoupushingyourbicycletoworkthisafternoon.FoolishFred：Yes,IwassolatethatIdidnthavetimetogetonit.b.Hisangerwassoexplosivethathelostcontrolofhimself.c.Diplomatsandcrabsarecreatureswhomoveinsuchawaythatitisimpossibletotellwhethertheyarecomingorgoing.d.Thefoodissobadintheschoolcafeteriathatfliesgotheretoloseweight.,(2)在suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such=so+形容词。a.Hisangerwassuchthathelostcontrolofhimself.b.Hisangerwassoexplosivethathelostcontrolofhimself.c.Theweatherissuchthatwecanonlystayinair-conditionedplaces.d.Theweatherissohotthatwecanonlystayinair-conditionedplaces.e.Theperformancewassuchtheaudiencewasdeeplymoved.A.asB.thatC.SoD.sothat,2、结果状语从句的简化我们可以用不定式来简化结果状语从句，句型是：such.astodosth，suchastodosth，so.astodosth。注意不要漏掉as。a.Hewassuchafoolastobelievehim.b.Hewassofoolishastobelievehim.c.Hervoicewassuchastomakeeveryonestare.(=.sobadasto./.soloudasto.)d.Hisstoryistoarouseoursympathy.A.suchasB.sosadC.toosadD.suchsadasE.sosadas,3、结果从句的倒装（考试重点）suchso.that引导结果状语从句，为了强调，还可以将主句倒装。a.Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.b.Soterriblewasthestormthattheroofswereallrippedoff.c.Suchafoolwashethathebelievedhim.d.thatthepilotcouldntflythroughit.A.SothestormwassevereB.SoseverewasthestormC.ThestormsoseverewasD.Suchwasthestormsevere,4、其他短语连接的结果状语从句：tothedegree(that)，totheextent(that)，tosuchadegree(that)，tosuchanextent(that)。当它们位于句首表强调时，主句倒装。a.TosuchanextentdMhishealthdeterioratethathewasforcedtoretire.b.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntsleeplastnight.c.Thebereavedmotherwasgrievedtothedegreethatshecouldnteatanythingfor3days.d.Tosuchanextenthisemptyspeechthatsomeofusbegantodoze.A.didhegoonwithB.hewouldgoonwithC.hewentonwithD.hedidgoonwith,七、so和such的用法区别,1、so的用法：(1)so+adj.adv.so后边主要是接形容词或副词，例如：a.Thefoodissobadintheschoolcafeteriathatfliesgotheretoloseweight.b.ThehouseissoexpensivethatIcantaffordtobuyit.(2)so+adj.+a(n)+只接单数可数名词a.ThisissoexpensiveahousethatIcantaffordtobuyit.b.Heissopatientateacherthateveryoneofuslikeshim.,(3)somanymuchfewlittle+名词so可以与表示数量的形容词连用，如：many，much，few，little，然后再接名词，此时不用such。如：somanyflowers，somanybeautifulflowers，somuchpatience，somuchfun，sofewcars，solittlecare。a.Recentlyintheautomobileindustry,multinationalcompanieshavedeveloped(A)tothepointwheresuchfewcars(B)canbedescribedashavingbeenmade(C)entirely(D)inonecountry.,2、such的用法：such是一个限定词，因此后边要接名词。(1)such后可直接加各种名词单数可数名词：suchahouse,suchaday复数可数名词：suchboys,suchshirts,suchcars不可数名词：suchpatience,suchweather,suchinformation(2)such+形容词+名词单数可数名词：suchanexpensivehouse,suchaniceday，与so比较：soexpensiveahouse复数可数名词：suchniceboys,suchgoodshirts,suchexpensivecars不可数名词：suchgreatpatience,suchniceweather,suchimportantinformation,(3)限定词+such+名词可用在such前面的限定词有many,no,other,some,any,one(two,three.)等。如：a.TheseMinistersusedSplendid,MagnificentandothersuchexpressionstodescribetheKingsnewclothes.b.Nosuchman;Onesuchman;Everysuchfool;Threesuchmen;allsuchmen;Fivehundredsuchplanes3、用法区别(1)so后边直接加形容词，such要先接冠词a(n)。a.Heissuchagoodteacherthateveryonelikeshim.b.Heissogoodateacherthateveryonelikeshim.,(2)such可修饰不可数名词，so不可。a.Itwassuchniceweatherthatwewenttothebeach.b.Itwassoniceweatherthatwewenttothebeach.（）c.Theweatherwassonicethatwewenttothebeach.(3)such可修饰复数名词，so不可。a.Hegotsuchheavyboxesthathecouldntcarrythembyhimself.,(4)so可与many,much,few,little搭配，such不可。a.ImadesomanymistakesthatIfailedtheexam.b.Hehassofewfriendsthatheisalwayslonely.c.Helostsomuchmoneythathedidntdaretogohome.d.IhadsolittletroublewiththetestthatIlefthalfanhourearly.,八、条件状语从句,1、条件从句常用引导词：(1)最常见的引导词是if和unlessa.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?b.Youdontneedanumbrellaunlessitisraining.c.Inpolitics,ifyouwantsomeonetomakeaspeech,askaman;ifyouwantsomethingdone,askawoman.d.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwilltakemyumbrella.,(2)其他的连词有：suppose(that)，supposing(that)，providingprovided(that)，solongas，aslongas，onconditionthat等。a.Amanisnotoldaslongasheisseekingsomething.Amanisnotolduntilregretstaketheplaceofdreams.b.Dontworryaboutthemistakesyoumaymakeinconversation,solongasyoucanmakeyourselfunderstoodinEnglish.c.Solongasyouworkhardenough,anironrodcanbegroundintoaneedle.d.Imaylendyouthebookonconditionthatyoureturnittomeintime.e.Iwillagreetogoprovidedthatmyexpensesarepaid,f.Supposenothinghappenstoyou.Supposeyoulivethereyourwholelifeandnothinghappens.Younevermeetanybody,youneverbecomeanythingandfinally,youdieoneofthoseNewYorkdeathsandnoonenoticesfortwoweeksuntilthesmelldriftsintothehallway.g.Hewillsurelyfinishthejobontimeheslefttodoitinhisownway.A.inthatB.incaseC.asfarasD.solongas,2、其他表示条件意味的句型(1)祈使句省略句+and.=If从句+主句a.Useyourhead,andyouwillfindaway.b.Aminutelaterandwewouldhavemissedthetrain.c.Sparetherodandspoilthechild.(2)祈使句省略句+ororelse.=Unless从句+主句a.Giveitbacktomeor(else)Illtellyourparents.,九、让步状语从句,1、让步状语从句常用引导词常见的引导让步状语从句的词有：though,although,eventhough,evenif。此时主句前不可用but，但可用yetstill。a.ThoughAlthoughhetriedhard,(yetstill)hefailed.b.AlthoughIdidntknowanybodyattheparty,Ihadaverygoodtime.c.Thefamilyistheessentialpresence.thethingthatneverleavesyou,evenifyoufindyouhavetoleaveit.,d.AlthoughMr.Smithstudiedart(A)inParis,buthis(B)writingsattractedmuch(C)moreinterestthan(D)hispaintings.e.AlthoughProfessorGreenslecturesusuallyranover(A)thefifty-minuteperiod,but(B)none(C)ofhisstudentsevenobjected(D)astheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeandinteresting.,2、介词表示让步although,though是连词，后边只接从句（有时是省略形式的从句），而despite,inspiteof,forall,notwithstanding是介词，后边只接名词（短语）。a.Thoughhewasinexperienced,hedidaverygoodjob.=Inspiteofhisinexperience,.或Inspiteofhisbeinginexperienced,.b.Althoughitwasdangerous,.=Despitethedanger,.c.Thoughtheweatherwasbad,.=Inspiteofthebadweather,.d.Despite(A)fatsandoilsarenutritionally(B)importantas(C)energysources,medicalresearchindicates(D)thatsaturatedfatsmaycontributetohardeningofthearteries.,e.whatheachievedinmedicine,heremainedmodest.A.DespiteB.AlthoughC.IfD.Whereasf.tired,hewouldntstopworking.A.DespiteB.ForallC.ThoughD.Whereas,3、while置于句首，一般表示“尽管”a.WhileIsympathizewith(同意)yourpointofview,Icannotacceptit.b.Whilehehastime,itdoesntmeanhehascapacityandpatience.c.Whilethegovernmentpushedforatotalbreakupofthesoftwaremaker,Microsoftfoughtfiercelyagainstanypositionsthatwouldaffectitsabilitytocompeteinthemarketplace.,4、nomatterwh-Nomatter+what,who,when,where,which,how可以代替whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however来引导让步状语从句。a.Wehavedecidedtodoso,whateverhappens.b.Whoevermaytroubleyou,Iwillhelpyoutothelast.,5、as的倒装句表示让步，这一结构有：adj./adv./分词/名词（无冠词）/短语+as+主语+谓语动词a.Youngasheis,heisknowledgeable.b.Oldashewas,heinsistedongoingwithus.c.Poorasheis,heiskindandhonest.d.MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagreewithhim.e.Hardasheworked,hefailed.,f.Childasheis,heknowsalotabouttheworld.g.Lazyaboyasheis,heiskindtohelpothers.h.Oldestinourworkshopasheis,heworkshardest.i.Praisedashewas,heremainedmodest.j.Againashefailedindoingthisexperiment,hedidntloseheart.k.,sheoftenbehaveslikeachild.A.AsoldissheB.Asoldsheis