非谓语动词的时态与语态

Lesson2,非谓语,非谓语动词的时态与语态1.动词不定式例句：(1)Tellherweshallbedelightedtocome.(2)Sheiswaitingtohearyouranswer.(3)Sheissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutpeasants.(4)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready,.(5)Hefeltashamedtohavedonesuchathing.(6)Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.(7)Itsanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.,2分词例句：(1)Theysatfacingeachother.(2)Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.(3)Heaskedwhowasthemanbeingoperatedon.(4)Thenew-typemachine-toolsproducedbythefactoryareallofthefirstclass.,3.动名词例句：(1)Idontliketroublingyou.（与谓语同时）(2)Theyareallinterestedinclimbingmountains.（现在或未来）(3)Ihavenoideaoftheirhavingdonesuchathing.(4)Hedidntmindbeingleftathome.,（注）在某些动词后（或成语中），我们常用或可以用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作在谓语之前发生。例如：(1)Heapologizedforinterruptingus.(2)Onreturninghome,hefoundhismotherseriouslyill.(3)Excusemeforcominglate.,非谓语动词的用法作主语：1不定式作主语表1To+V+VWhen(疑问副词)+to+V+VForSb.+to+V(1)Toperseveremeansvictory.(2)Whentostartremainsundecided.(3)Forustoberedandexpertisnotonlynecessarybutalsopossible.（注）不定式作主语，常用it做形式主语改写成下列句型,表21.Itis+N+to+V2.Ittakessb.+sometime+to+V3.Itis+Adj.+for+to+V4.Itis+Adj+ofsb.+to+V(1)Itisourdutytosupporttheirstruggleforliberation.(2)Itonlytookusayeartocompletetheproject.ItishardformetomasterEnglish.,（注）用于这一句型的形容词只限于下列几个：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,impossible,unnecessary,important,它们的共同特点是表示客观情况，不能改写成beofsb.+to+V(1)Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(2)Itsunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.（注）后跟ofsb.的形容词:kind,good,nice,clever,silly,wrong,right,wise,unwise,foolish,stupid,lazy,careless,cunning,rude,honest,naughty,impolite,considerate以上在动词不定式前的forsb.或ofsb都可看成它的逻辑主语。,2动名词作主语表1Doing.+V(1)Readingisanart.(2)Seeingisbelieving.,表2Itsnogood/nouse/fun/agoodpleasure/awasteoftime/abore+doing(1)Itsnousearguingaboutthepoint.(2)Itsnogoodwaitinghere,letswalkhome.(3)Itsfunhavingguestsfortheweekend.(4)Itsawasteoftimearguingaboutit.Wedontthinkitsaboredoingthesamekindofworkeveryday.,表3Thereisno+doing(1)Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.(2)Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.表4Its+Adj.(nice,dangerous,tiring,senseless,expensive,enjoyable)+doing(1)Itwillbeniceseeingthemagain.(2)Itsexpensiverunningthiscar.Itllbeenjoyablestudyingandworking.,(注)（1）用it做形容词，把动名词置于句末。这通常适用上面这样一些形容词或名词之后。Important,essential,necessary则不适用。（2）动名词作主语和不定式作主语的区别：1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语通常表示具体动作。试比较：Smokingisprohibitedhere.Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.2）动名词作主语通常不与特定动作执行者联系在一起，而不定式作主语往往与特定动作执行者联系在一起。试比较：LivingintheWestEndhasitsdisadvantage.指一般情况，对许许多多的人而言ToliveintheWestEndwastheheightofMrs.Jamesonsambition.对某个特定动作执行者而言,作表语1不定式作表语表示具体动作时，特别是表示将来动作时，多用不定式作表语。1.To+V+is+to+V(一是条件，一是结果)2.Pron.(N)+is(seem)+to+V(包括不定式完成式或被动态)3.Whatclause+is+to+V(表语说明主语内容),(1)Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither.(2)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.Thebookseemstohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguagesalready.(3)WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.(注)tobe的过去时，有时可和不定式的完成式构成谓语，表示一个想做而未做成的事。Hewastohavegiventhefirsttalk,buthecamelate.,2动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为时，多用动名词作表语(1)Ourworkisservingthepeople.(2)Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.(Heiscollectingstamps.)（注）进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的情况或性质,3分词作表语现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征能引起别人的感情过去分词作表语，表示主语受外界作用所处的状态。(1)Thepresentsituationisencouraging.(2)Thislecturewasboring.(3)Weareallpleased.(4)Shelookeddisappointed.,作定语1不定式作定语1.S+V+O（N）+to+V(主动态)to+V(被动态)to+V+Prep.in(on)which+to+V2Thereis(are)+N+to+V(1)Shehasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Doyouhaveanythingmoretosay?（主动，动宾）(2)Haveyouanythingtotakentothecity?（被动）(3)Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.,(4)Itwasabadseasoninwhichtohaveoutings.(5)Thereisnotimetolose(tobelost).（注）1.不定式做定语和被修饰词之间：（1）表示将来的动作（2）与被修饰词之间有动宾关系（3）抽象名词后做定语，相当于一个形容词。（4）不及物动词做定语，要加适当的介词，和被修饰词形成逻辑上的动宾关系2.不定式做定语，在句中与被修饰词间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他词与词又有逻辑上主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义仍用主动态（例句1）。如又有动宾关系而无逻辑上主谓关系，则仍用被动态。（见例句2）3.Thereis(are)的句型中，不定式含被动意思，用主动或被动形式均可。,2分词（现在，过去）作定语1).doing/used/Adv.+jused+N2).N+doingphrase/usedphrase(注)过去分词做定语：1动作发生在谓动之前有被动含义。（见例句2中第2句）2没有一定的时间性（见例句2中第3句）(1)Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.Thisisrathercomplicatedproblem.Electricityremainsthewidelyusedformofenergyinindustry.(2)Hereisaletterannouncinghisarrival.Thisisabookwrittenbyapeasant.Heisamanlovedbyall.,非谓语动词做定语时，请特别注意下列情况当非谓语动词与修饰的词与词之间是被动关系时，有三种情况1.指过去发生的动作时，用过去分词做定语Thequestiondiscussedisofgreatimportance.2指正在发生的动作时，用现在分词被动态定语Thequestionbeingdiscussedisofgreatimportance.3.指将来发生的动作时，用不定式被动态做定语Thequestiontobediscussedtomorrowisofgreatimportance.,作宾语1.不定式作宾语表1S+V+TO+V在此句型中，要求不定式做宾语的动词有：manage,try,ask,offer,agree,expect,promise,want,begin,desire,learn,arrange,hope,like,wish,decide,afford,pretend,(1)Heofferedtohelpus.(2)Wemusttrytobecomeonewiththemasses.(3)Ididnotexpecttofindyouhere.(4)Hepretendednottoseeme.,表2S+V+it+OC+to+V(1)Theworkersthinkitnecessarytoincreaseproduction.(2)Doyouconsideritimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime?表3S+V+疑问代词/疑问副词+to+V要求when,how,whether,where,which,what,who(whom)等+to+V做宾语的动词有：know,tell,teach,explain,discuss,consider,discover,guess,observe,findout,understand,wonder,Idontknowwhattodo.Wheretogo.Whomtoask.Whentostop.HowtogetthereWhichonetobuyWhichonetobuyWhethertolaughatorcryWhenIheardthewords（注）在此句型中，if不能代替whether，疑问副词why不能和不定式在一起做宾语用于该句型。,表4Prep.But/except/besides+to+V/+V(1)Hedesirednothingbuttosucceed.(2)Hedidnothingbutcry.(3)Marydidnothingexceptcleanthedishes(4)Thewindowswereopenedexcepttoairtheroomforafewminutesinthemorning.(5)ThatafternoonIhadnothingtodobesidesanswer.（注）在这些介词前无实意动词do，后跟不定式。如有实意动词do，则跟动词原形,表5cannotbutcannothelpbut+Vcannotchoosebut(1)Icannotbutadmiretherichcontentofthebook.(2)Icannothelpbutlaugh.(3)Theycouldnotchoosebutobey.,2.动名词作宾语S+V+doing在此句型中，要求动名词做宾语的动词有：Mind,miss,enjoy,giveup,allow,avoid,admit,finish,escape,stop,practise,delay,deny,fancy,insiston,favour,appreciate,postpone,resent,mention,dislike,resist,risk,suggest,save,putoff,consider,bear,understand,endure,imagine,need,deserve,cant(couldnt)help,want,require,(1)Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.(2)Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(3)Haveyoufinishedcorrectingthestudentspapers?(4)Mypenneedsfilling.(5)Thepointdeservesmentioning.（注）以表示事物的名词或代词it做主语时，在want,need,deserve,require,bear等动词后，尽管表示的是被动意思，我们却用动名词的主动形式。形容词worth后的情形也是这样。,表2S+V+it+OC+(doing)Idontthinkitworthwhilespendingsomuchtimeonthatproblem.表3Have作“有”解时，后接情感名词，（后面的介词in常省略），再接动名词。Havedifficulty/trouble/fun/ahardtime/agoodtime+(in)+doingWehaddifficulty(in)solvingtheproblem.,（注）1有些动词后可跟不定式做宾语，又可跟动名词做宾语，意义区别不大。例如Begin,start,continue,commence,neglect,plan,cantbear等Hebegan(started)borrowingmoney=Hebegan(started)toborrowmoney.2.以下一些动词后跟不定式或动名词做宾语，差别则很明显，如：rememberforget+to+V(表示动作尚未发生)regret+doing(表示动作已经发生)(1)Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.(2)Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.,(3)Sheforgottotellhermotheraboutit.(4)Sheforgottellinghermotheraboutit.(5)Iregretnotgoingthere.(6)IregrettosaythatIcantattendyourparty.Meanto+V表示打算做某事Meanto+doing表示意味着Tryto+V表示设法做某事Trytodoing表示试一试1)Ididnotmeantohurtyourfeeling.2)Abreakdownonourwayhomewouldmeanourwalkingforhours.3)Trytosolvetheproblem.4)Tryusinganotherway.,Like,love,hate,prefertodo较具体的行为Like,love,hate,preferdoing较抽象，倾向概念（注）如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。如：Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.1)Iliketoswimthisafternoon.2)Ilikeswimminginthesea.3)Ihatetosay,butreallyIcantgo.4)Ihatespeakingbeforeabigaudience5)Theyprefertostayathometoday.6)Theypreferwalkingtocycling.,Feellike+N（好象）Feellikedoing（想要）1)Itfeelslikerain.2)Idontfeellikegoingtothemovies.Stop/leaveoffto+V（停下来去做某事）Stop/leaveoffdoing（停止做某事）1)Theystoptotalk.2)Theystoptalking.3)Theyleftofftofish.4)Theyleftofffishing.,表4Prep.+doing(1)Heresentedofhavingbeenidleinhisyouth.(2)YoushouldworkthiseveninginsteadofwatchingTV.(3)Hediditwithoutbeingaskedto.（注）动名词逻辑主语一般用法如下：1.物主代词(my,your,hisetc.)2.有生命的或视为有生命的名词用(s)+doing3.无生命的名词，抽象名词，不定代词,1)Iinsistonhisgoing.2)Ididnttellyouofyourwifesbeinglate.1)Wearegladoftheexaminationbeingover.Weweresurprisedatherbeautybeingmadesomuchof.4)Icannotthinkofanythingelsebeingwanted.,做宾语补足语：1不定式做宾补表1V+O+to+V要求verbto+V作宾补的动词有：Advise,cause,allow,ask,encourage,get,expect,force,wish,want,intend,invite,mean,permit,persuade,forbid,warn,tell,compel,remind,teach,urge,hove,have,like,prefer.(1)Theyaskedhimtodesignanewworkshop.(2)Wecantallowtheraintospoilourday.(3)Idlovethemtocometonight.,表2V+O+tobe要求verbtobe作宾补的动词有：consider,declare,find(=consider),prove,think,know,believe,imagine,judge,suppose,feel(1)Weknow/believe/judgehimtobereliable.(2)Ishouldimagine/supposehimtobeabove50.（注）1.consider,declare,find,prove,think等动词后的tobe往往省略。如果不定式为完成式就不能省，如：weconsiderheat(tobe)aformofenergy.Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.,2.know后要求不定式作宾补的其他用法：haveknown+O+to+V或Vhaveneverknown+o+Vneverknew+O+V宾补为完成式或know转为被动态时，作宾补的不定式必须带to1）Ihaveknownhim(to)saythisbefore.2)Iveneverknownhimbehavelikethis.3)Ineverknewhimdoanythingwithoutaverygoodreason.4)Ihaveneverknownhertohavefailed.5)Hehasneverbeenknowntosaythisbefore.(passivevoice),表3V+O+V要求不带to的动词做宾补的动词有:have,make,let.,see,hear,feel,notice,observe,watch,listento,lookat1)MakeforeignthingserveChina.2)Ididthearanyonesayanythingaboutit.3)Itisquiteamusingtolookatotherpeopleplaychess.(注)1）这种句子如变成被动语态，to不能不要Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight.,1）help后的宾补，可带to或不带toMybrotheroftenhelpsme(to)mendmybike.表4V+Prep.+O+to+V要求不定式作宾补的成语动词：Callon,counton,relyon,dependon,carefor,askfor,waitfor,longfor,preparefor,wishfor1)Youcancountonustogiveyoufullsupport.2)Youcantrelyonhimtoassistyou.3)ShallweaskforMarytocometoo?,2.分词作宾补V+O+doing/used要求分词步宾补的动词有：1.See,hear,feel,smell,watch,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento等表示感觉，心理状态的词2.Have,set,keep,get,catch,need,leave,等表示“致使”意义的动词1)Isawalightburninginthewindow.2)Canyousmellanythingburning?3)Lookattherainfallingintorrents.4)Theyfoundthelostchildhidinginthecave.5)Iwonthaveyoudoingthat.6)Withtheworkshesetallofuslaughing.7)Youwontcatchmedoingthatagain.,8)Hisremarksleftmewonderingabouthisrealpurpose.9)Wemustgetthemachinerepairedsoon.10)Ifoundmyhometownalmostcompletelyrebuilt.（注）不同的词做宾补的区别：1)感觉动词后的宾补，既可以是不带的不定式，又可以是分词。不定式表示动作的完成，即全过程，分词表示动作的进行，即非全过程。2)过去分词做宾补，强调动作的完成，表动作的结果，和逻辑主语的关系是被动的。（见例句9，10）3)have后面用过去分词做宾补时，通常表示宾补的动作不是主语做的，而是别人完成的，如：Illhavemyhaircutthisafternoon.,作状语：1不定式做状语表1目的状语To+V,S+VS+V+O,to+V(soasto,inorderto)1)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.2)Hewenthometoseehismother.3)Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbyou.4)Wegotoschoolinordertogetknowledge.,表2原因状语be+Adj.+to+Vbe+P.P+to+VV+to+V本句型所示的不定式多是在表示感情的形容词，过去分词或动词之后，它们是：glad,happy,sorry,sad,surprised,shocked,astonished,delighted,pleased,weep,cry,laugh,smile1)Imverygladtoseeyou.Shewillbesorrytohearthat.2)Iwassurprisedtoseeherthere.3)Shewepttohearthenews.,表3结果状语1.Only+to+V2.Adj.(adv)+enough+(for+O)+to+V3.too+adj.(adv.)+to+V4.so+adj.+as+to+V1)Heworkedhardonlytofallagain.Shehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginahospital.2)Heisoldenoughtoretire.Thisroomislargeenoughforusfivetosleepin.3)Imtootiredtoworkanymore.Germsaretoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye.4)Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?,表4反射不定式作状语S+be+Adj.+to+V本句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式说明作表语的形容词，成为形容词的状语。主动态具有被动含义，不定式不能改为被动态。在该句型中被使用的形容词只有：easy,hard,difficult,dangerous,expensive,fit,possible,impossible,comfortable,dirty,(1)Thisquestionisimpossibletoanswer.(2)Englishisdifficulttolearn.(3)Carscanbedangeroustodrive.(4)Alorryingoodconditioniseasytodrive.(5)Theroomiscomfortabletolivein.2.分词作状语Participialphrase+S+V分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，该短语修饰谓语动词，表示时间，原因，让步，条件，伴随情况等,(1)Walkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetafriendofmine.时间(2)Seenfromspace,ourearthlookslikeablueblanket.时间(3)Nothearingfromherparents,sheisinlowspirits.原因(4)Havingbeenwrittenin