高一英语寒假专题—冠词、代词、形容词、副词精讲人教版知识精讲

高一英语寒假专题冠词、代词、形容词、副词精讲人教版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：寒假专题一 冠词、代词、形容词、副词精讲一. 冠词：（the，a, an）冠词是英语中最典型、最基本的限定词。是用来修饰限定名词的。离开名词，冠词就没有任何意义了。根据名词所指的概念，可分为专有名词（如：China, London）和普通名词（如：dog, water, success）。按照名词数的特征可将名词划分为可数名词和不可数名词。冠词的用法庞杂，关键是弄清句子中的单数名词，复数名词或不可数名词；弄清泛指，特指，类指等概念。1. 泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。用法：（可数名词单数）：a an +n. （复数名词不可数名词）：零冠词 A tiger is sleeping in the cage.一只老虎在笼子里睡觉。 I saw tigers in the cage.我看见笼子里有（几只）老虎。 There is water in my cup.我的杯里有水。2. 特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物；也可指说话者双方心目中所默认的或特指的人或事物。用法： the +单数可数名词 the + 复数可数名词 不可数名词 There is a tiger in the cage. The tiger will be sold abroad. Please give me the books on the desk. The water in my cup is boiled.3. 类指是指具有共同性质、典型特征的一个类别：用法： a an + 单数名词the + 单数名词零冠词+复数名词 The car goes faster than the bike.A car goes faster than a bike.汽车比自行车跑得快。Dogs are faithful animals.狗是忠实的动物。细微区别：（1）the + 单数名词，指的是整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的。如：The dog is a faithful animal.狗是忠实的动物。（2）a an + 单数名词，侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点。如：A car goes faster than a bike.注：在类指时如何使用冠词要根据所表达内容的具体情况而定。如：The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.虎有濒临灭绝的危险。不能说：A tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.（濒临灭绝指的是整个虎类，而不是任何一只老虎都面临灭绝的危险。 ）但是：The car goes faster than the bike.此句还可写成：A car goes faster than a bike.（3）零冠词+复数名词侧重于指类别中的许多个体。如： Farmers are busy in autumn.Do you like horses?（4）不可数名词表类指的例子： When water boils, it changes into steam. 水沸腾时就变成水蒸气。 I love nature. 我喜欢大自然。（5）the + 形容词 也有类指的意义表一类人或物。 the blind： 盲人；the rich： 富人；the unknown：未知的（事物）冠词的惯用法：1. 不定冠词的惯用法： The two boys are of an age. 那两个男孩同岁。（表示“同一”，相当于the same.） They were caught in a heavy rain. He is a danger to society.（用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一种，一阵，一场，一个”） A Mr. Li is asking to see you at the school gate.一位李先生在校门口要见你。（用在专有名词之前表示类似的某一个）用于某些固定词组中：have a cold, have a swim, have a walk, have a gift for, in a hurry, all of a sudden, do sb. a favor, once in a while 等。补充：单数可数名词前不用a an的情况： After graduation from college, he turned teacher （became a teacher）.大学毕业后，他成了一名教师。记住一些常见的纯不可数名词，永远不能与不定冠词连用。如：weather, fun, space（太空）, advice, news（word）, progress, information.2定冠词the的惯用法： The Greens are at table. 格林一家正在吃饭。（用在姓氏复数前，表示一家人） in the 1870s , the Tang dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period（在年代，朝代，时代名词前用the） take sb. by the arm：抓某人的胳膊hit sb. in the face：打某人的脸（在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中的the不可用人称代词代替） The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳运转。 the moon the world the sky the sea（宇宙中独一无二的东西前用定冠词the）用于某些固定词组中：in the end, in the habit of , on the whole, by the day（按天算）, by the hour（按小时算）, by the dozen, on the radio phone, to tell the truth, go to the doctors, play the violin piano（西洋乐器）,等。补充：专有名词前冠词的用法比较复杂，但一般情况下不含普通名词的纯专有名词不用冠词。如：Beijing, New York.但是在由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用the；如：the Great Wall,长城; the Summer Palace，颐和园。另外，以普通名词开头的地名或国家全称，也要用定冠词the；如：the University of Beijing（=Beijing University ） ; the City of Tianjin （=Tianjin City ）; the United States, the Peoples Republic of China.3. 不用冠词的一些固定短语：by bike, by car, by train, on foot （步行）, by weight（按重量算），at table（吃饭）, in debt （欠债）, in class （在课堂上）, in hospital（住院）, in trouble, in danger, in general , take place 等。即学即练：1. He has tried twice, and he is asked to have _ third try.A. one B. a C. another D. the2. Have you heard _ news? The price of _ petrol is going up again!A. the , the B. , the C. the, D. , 3. _ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head.A. An, the B. The, the C. An, D. The, 4. I ate _ sandwich while I was waiting for _ 20:08 train.A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a5. My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy.A. a, B. the, the C. , the D. a, the6. When he left _ college, he got a job as _ reporter in a newspaper office.A. , a B. , the C. a, the D. the, the7. Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village.A. the, the B. the, a C. , the D. the, 8. How about _ Christmas evening party? I should say it was _ success.A. a, a B. the, a C. a, D. the, 9. In face of _ failure, it is the most important to keep up _ good state of mind.A. , a B. a, C. the, D. , the10. Really? Who will give _ lecture? What is it about? Professor Chen, _ president of Beijing University, about pollution.A. the, a B. a, the C. the, D. a, 答案：BCACD ABBA C二. 代词：代词种类的划分：人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 疑问代词 指示代词 不定代词 关系代词（定语从句） 连接代词（名词性从句）重点掌握不定代词的用法及区别：一览表可数one, each, many, both, another, either, neither, （a）few不可数much, （a） little 可数不可数none, any, other, all, some复合不定代词anyone, anybody, anything; someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing 注：every 和 no 只能用作形容词，不能用作代词。不定代词用法难点：1. none, nothing, nobody（no one）的用法区别：none 既可指人，也可指物，且表特指，强调数的概念。因此在回答有关数量问题时（用how many, how much提问时），常用none.如： How many Chinese stamps do you collect?None. He has many friends, but none can really help him when he is in trouble.nothing 只能指物，表示“什么也没有，没有东西”，常回答what引导的疑问句。如： What are you doing now? Nothing. Nothing can stop us doing that.nobody （no one） 只用于指人，常回答who引导的疑问句。如： Who is in the room? Nobody No one.注意： none 与nothing 的不同： When I returned to my share of apples, I found none left.（用none表示一个苹果也没有了，但如果用nothing则表示什么都没有了，连其他的东西也没有了。）none 与no one 的不同： As we were asleep, none of us heard he sound.（none后面可跟of 短语；而no one 则不能。） He has many friends, but none can really help him when he is in trouble.（none表特指；而no one表泛指。）2. both, all, either, any, neither, none 的用法：都任何一个都不两者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone根据提示完成下列句子：There are many trees on _ side （=both sides） of the street._ （都不） of the two cars is mine. Mine is under repair.Mr. Li refused to accept _ （任何） of the three suggestions made by us.Do you want tea or coffee? _. （任何）I really dont mind.3. 全部否定和部分否定：当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词（all, both, everyone, everybody, everything 以及every +名词）的句子中，不管not的位置在前还是在后，都表示部分否定。 Every man is not honest.= Not every man is honest.并非每个人都诚实。 Both of them havent read this story.并非他们二人都看过这个故事。（Only one of them has read this story.） All the answers are not right.= Not all the answers are right.并非所有的答案都正确。（Some answers are right, but some arent. ） none, neither（not either）, no one, nobody, nothing, notany 以及no+名词都表示全部否定； All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem.这些男孩都很聪明，但没有一个人能解出这道题。 We fear no difficulty.= We dont fear any difficulty.我们不怕任何困难。 Neither of them wants to stop for a rest.他们两个谁也不愿意停下来休息。回忆替代词 one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的用法：one 替代前面的单数名词，表泛指：= a an + 单数名词；ones为其复数形式，替代复数名词。the one 替代前面的单数名词，表特指：= the + 单数名词；the ones为其复数形式。that 既可以替代特指的单数名词，也可以替代特指的不可数名词，其后往往带定语。如替代特指的单数可数名词时，相当于the one 。those替代复数名词，表特指，相当于the ones 。 I havent a computer. I want to buy one next year. The dictionary on the desk is much better than that the one on the shelf. The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter. The books in this bookstore are cheaper than those the ones in that one.即学即练：1. Excuse me, I want to have my watch fixed, but I cant find a repair shop. I know _ nearby. Come on, Ill show you.A. one B. it C. some D. that2. Which one can I take? You can take _ of them; Ill keep none.A. both B. any C. neither D. all3. For quite _ students, their teachers advice is more important than _ of their parents.A. few, one B. a few, that C. a little, some D. a lot, many4. - Which of the two computer games did you prefer?- Actually, I didnt like _.A. both of them B. either of themC. none of them D. neither of them5. - How do you find your new classmates?- Most of them are kind, but _ is so good to me as Bruce.A. none B. no one C. every one D. some one6. The two girls are getting on very well and share _ with each other.A. little B. much C. some D. none7. Who called me this morning when I was out ? A man calling _ Robert.A. him B. himself C. his D. 8. The chairman thought _ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.A. that B. it C. this D. him9. Toms mother kept telling him that he mustnt smoke, but _ didnt help.A. he B. which C. it D. they10. The best job is _ which uses your skill in doing something together with your interest in the subject.A. that B. the one C. one D. it答案：ADBBA BBBCC三. 形容词、副词对形容词和副词的考查，一般集中在以下两点：1. 具体语境中辨析形容词和副词的基本词义和基本用法2. 对比较级和最高级的考查（一）基本用法：形容词：形容词是用来修饰名词或代词的，可作定语，表语和补足语。 He is a tall boy. Is there anything new in todays paper? He carried a bag full of rice on his back. She is honest. The news made me happy.补充： The bird was shot , dead. He got home safe. He is standing there, full of fear.形容词在这几个句子中作状语，表示伴随或结果。副词：副词可修饰动词，形容词和其他副词，还可修饰整个句子。 They sang loudly. Your work is pretty good. You speak English very well. Unfortunately, he failed to pass the exam. He, unfortunately, failed to pass the exam.（修饰全句的副词，若放在句中或句尾，必须加逗号；放在句首，逗号则可有可无。）补充：有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加后缀“-ly”。这两种形式的副词表示的意义不大相同，应加以分辨：常见的有：close 接近（指距离）- closely仔细地，密切地deep深 - deeply 深刻地，深入地wide宽阔 - widely广泛地high高 - highly高度地late晚、迟 - lately近来hard努力地 - hardly几乎不free免费 - freely自由地，自如地 The bird flies high in the sky. 鸟儿在高空飞行。It is a highly amusing film. 这是一部很有趣的影片。 I dug deep before I found water. 我挖得很深才找到水。I deeply regret your misfortune. 我深深地为你的不幸感到遗憾。有些副词与形容词的词形完全相同。换言之，有些词同时兼有形容词和副词两种词性。常见的有：early, straight, enough fast, hard, long 等。（二）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：1. 平级比较（通常用asas, the same as, suchas引导） Henry is a worker as good as Peter. Henry和Peter一样都是好工人。= Henry is as good a worker as Peter.= Henry is such a good worker as Peter. The building is as tall as 100 meters.= The building is 100 meters tall.（as+ adj. + as +数量词=数量词+ adj.） Henry does not have so as many books as I have.Henry 的书没有我的那么多。 His name is the same as his fathers （name）.他和他父亲的名字一样。2. 比较级注意比较的对象不能相互包容：（）He is taller than any student in his class.（）He is taller than any other student in his class.（）He is taller than any one else in his class. China is larger than any country in Africa.中国比非洲的任何（一个）国家都大。中国比亚洲 世界任何别的国家都大：China is larger than any other country in Asia the world.比较的对象应该相同： The climate here is warmer than that of Shanghai.这里的气候比上海的暖和。 The radios made in our factory are better than those （made） in your factory.我们工厂生产的收音机比你们厂的好。（）The population of China is larger than Japan.（）The population of China is larger than that of Japan. （人口和人口比）（）China has a larger population than Japan. （国家和国家比） no + 比较级 + than 表示两者都不not + 比较级 + than 表示前者不如后者 This book is no more interesting than that one. 这本书和那本书都没意思。This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有意思。 He works no harder than I . 他和我都不用功。He doesnt work harder than I . 他不如我用功。常见的比较级修饰语：a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, far, by far（常放在比较级后面）, much, rather, still, even, any （用于否定句和疑问句中）等。 - Is he any better?- Yes, he is much far a lot better.（or : better by far） the + 比较级 , the + 比较级 表示“越，越” The more you talked, the less attention he paid to you.你说的越多，他越不注意听你讲。 The longer you stay, the better （it will be）.你待的时间越长越好。“比较级+ and +比较级”或“more and more + 原级”，表示“越来越” It is getting colder and colder. 天气越来越冷了。 The new city is becoming more and more beautiful. 这座新城变得越来越漂亮了。 the + 比较级+ of the two + 名词，表示“两个中较的那一个” The taller of the two boys is my brother.那两个男孩中较高的那一个是我的兄弟。3. 最高级 He is the fastest runner in the class.He runs fastest in the class.This is my fastest horse.（形容词最高级前要有the，副词最高级前可不加。但形容词最高级前若有代词所有格限定时，不加the。） The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .黄河是中国第二大河流。 The bridge is by far the longest across the Yellow River.否定+比较级 = 最高级 I have never seen a better film.我从未看过（比这部）更好的电影了。 He has never spent a more worrying day.他度过了最担心的一天。即学即练：1. Running a company is not _ a matter of hiring people -they also need to be trained.A. simply B. partly C. seriously D. equally2. My mother always gets a bit _ if we dont arrive when we say we will.A. anxious B. ashamed C. weak D. patient3. Of all the novels, I like this one _. Its not worth reading at all.A. most B. best C. worst D. least4. After the long journey, the three of them went back home, _.A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tiredC. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired5. Youre driving too fast. Can you drive _?A. more slowly a bit B. slowly a bit moreC. a bit more slowly D. slowly more a bit6. After two years research, we now have a _ better understanding of the disease.A. very B. far C. fairly D. quite7. Well, thats just the deal. _ price will be out of my reach.A. The higher B. A highestC. The highest D. A higher8. - Did you take enough money with you?- No, I needed _ I thought I would.A. not so much as B. as much asC. much more than D. much less than9. Though he started late, Mr. Guo played the piano as well as, if _ , Miss Lin.A. not better than B. not betterC. no better than D. no better10. - Did you have a good sleep last night?- Yes, never sleep _.A. badly B. better C. worse D. best答案：AADBC BDCAB【模拟试题】（答题时间：45分钟）I. 单项选择：1. I dont like talking on _ telephone; I prefer writing _ letters.A. a, the B. the, C. the, the D. a, 2. I heard that as many as 300 people were killed in the big fire.Yes, _ news came as _ shock to us.A. a, a B. the, a C. , a D. , 3. Why do you suggest Zhangjiajie?I believe _ beauty of _ nature there will make _ excellent impression upon you.A. a, the, an B. the, the, anC. the, , the D. the, , an4. Nowadays, _ mobile phone is _ popular means of communication.A. the, a B. a, C. the, the D. a, the5. Apples are usually sold by _ weight and eggs are sometimes sold by _ dozen.A. , the B. , a C. the, the D. a, the6. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from _ spoken in England.A. which B. what C. that D. the one7. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language.A. none B. neither C. both D. each8. Do you want tea or coffee?_. I really dont mind.A. None B. Neither C. Either D. All9. Listening to the lectures given by the famous professors is an exciting moment, _ I am looking forward to.A. what B. that C. it D. one10. Excuse me, but can you tell me which road I should take to the post office?_ of the four roads will do.A. Any B. Neither C. Both D. Every11. Although badly hurt in the accident, the driver was _ able to make a phone call.A. still B. even C. also D. ever12. Is your headache getting _?No, its worse.A. well B. bad C. less D. better13. This washing machine is environmentally friendly because it uses _ water and electricity than _ models.A. less, older B. less, elderC. fewer, older D. fewer, elder14. This magazine is very _ with young people , who like its content and style.A. familiar B. popularC. similar D. particular15. The new group of students is better-behaved than the other group who stayed here _.A. early B. earlier C. earliest D. the earliestII. 阅读理解AIs there anything more important than health ? I dont think so. “Health is the greatest wealth,” wise people say. You cant be good at your studies or work well when you are ill.If you have a headache, toothache, backache, earache or bad pain in the stomach, if you complain of a bad cough, if you run a high temperature and have a bad cold, or if you suffer from high or low blood pressure, I think you should go to the doctor.The doctor will examine your throat, feel your pulse, test your blood pressure, take your temperature, sound your heart and lungs, test your eyes, check your teeth or have your chest X-rayed. After that he will advise some treatment, or some medicine. The only thing you have to do is follow his advice.Speaking about doctors advice, I cant help telling you a funny story.An old gentleman came to see the doctor. The man was very ill. He told the doctor about his weakness, memory loss and serious problems with his heart and lungs. The doctor examined him and said there was no medicine for his disease.He told his patient to go to a quiet place for a month and have a good rest. He also advised him to eat a lot of meat, drink two glasses of red wine every day and take long walks. In other words, the doctor advised him to follow the rule: “Eat at pleasure, drink with measure and enjoy life as it is.” The doctor also said that if the man wanted to be well again, he shouldnt smoke more than one cigarette a day.A month later the g