2020届高三英语一轮复习必备精品：SB1Aunit1-12专题四 语法

2020;2020届高三英语一轮复习必备精品SB1 A ( unit1unit 12)专题四：语法高考解读【高考导航】2020;2020高考命题趋向分析：1.动词的时态和语态是高考单选考查的重点，十五个单选中时态和语态题大约能占到五到六个，这是相当高的一个比率，所以，2020;2020年的高考备考中，动词的时态和语态的复习应该是个重、难点 2.四大名词性从句-主语从句、表语从句、同位于从句、宾语从句，在高考中的考查也主要出现在单选中，对它们用法的掌握也应该是复习备考的重点3.定语从句是高中阶段一个十分重要的语法，同时，有时十分有难度的一个语法，它也是高考单选中必定要考的内容，占的比例比名词性从句都要大，所以，2020;2020年的高考备考复习中，定语从句应该是个重点【真题品析】(09江苏)23. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.A. if B. when C. which D. since【答案】B.考查间隔性定语从句.【点拨】可改写为： days when local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night are gone 。 （09陕西）18. This is the first time went a film in the cinema together as a family. Ks5uA. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen Ks5u【答案】D考查动词时态。the+序数词+time引导的时间状语从句中动词时态用完成时，有参照动词is可知此处用现在完成时，选D【点拨】掌握句型It is/will be/was+the(序数词)that从句完成时（现在完成、过去完成）即可（09江苏）31. _ unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.A. Before B. Where C. Unless D. Until【答案】B 考查状语从句【点拨】 哪儿的失业率高 ,哪儿的犯罪就率高,那可以认为是前者导致后者的原因（09江苏）25.- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?- Sorry. .A. It s repaired B. It has been repairedC. Its being repaired D. It had been repaired【答案】C考查时态。【点拨】 据题意，computer是正在被修。知识网络语法知识动词的时态和语态定语从句名词性从句状语从句简单句、并列句、反意疑问句精讲点拔动词的时态和语态【基础过关】（Tenses and Voices of Verbs）动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态：一般进行完成完成进行现在am, is , are, do, doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing将来will/shall dowill/shall be doingwill/shall have donewill/shall have been doing过去was, were, did, v-edwas/were doinghad donehad been doing过去将来would/should dowould/should be doingwould/should have donewould/should have been doing但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成进行时。常用的时态只有八种1一般现在时1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来3) 有时该时态可表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，句中都带有时间状语，但限于少数动词如 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等例如：He goes to school every day.If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.2一般过去时l) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would +动词原形” 注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to + 名词或动名词”表示“习惯于”例如：He worked in a factory in 1986.I used to smoke when I was a college freshman. 3. 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“will或 shall+动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式l) “be going to+动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事例如： We are going to have a meeting today2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作；有时用一般现在时也可表示将来例如：Im leaving for Beijing.3) “be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见例如： The boy is to go to school tomorrow4) “ be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作例如：We are about to leave4现在进行时1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be+现在分词”构成，另外“系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义例如：What are you doing?The bridge is under construction2) 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词如 have, be, hear, see, like 等词一般不用进行时5. 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was/were+现在分词”构成例如:He was reading a novel when I came in6. 现在完成时现在完成时由“have十过去分词”构成。其使用有以下情况：1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语例如：He has gone to Fuzhou. (说话人认为他不在该地) He has been to Fuzhou. (说话人认为他在该地)2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去常用 for 或 since 表示一段时间的状语或 so far, now, today, this week/month/year 等表示包括现在时间在内的状语例如:He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied English since 1985.注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如 come, go, die, marry, buy 等的完成时不能与 for，since 等表示一段时间的词连用3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作例如：Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework7过去完成时l) 过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用 by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语例如：By the end of last year we had built five new houses.2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去例如：Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.8. 过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态过去将来时由“should/would+动词原形”构成。第一人称用 should，其他人称用 would。例如：They were sure that they would succeed.9. 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have(has)+ been+现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如 work, study, live, teach 等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多例如：I have worked here for three yearsI have been working here for three years.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：I have written a letter. (已写完)I have been writing a letter. (还在写)注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如 finish, marry, get up, come, go 等不能用这种时态。 动词的语态l. 概念与构成：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式用主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词“be+过去分词”构成，时态通过 be 表现出来如下表所述：时态谓语动词的被动式例句一般现在时am/is/are + done/v-edYou are required to do this.一般过去时was/were + done /v-edThe story was told by her.一般将来时will/shall be + done/v-edThe problem will be discussed tomorrow.现在进行时am/is/are + being+ done/v-edThe road is being widened.过去进行时was/were + being +done/v-edThe new tool was being made.现在完成时has/have + been +done/v-edThe novel has been read.过去完成时had + been + done/v-edHe said that the work had been finished.过去将来时would/should + be doneHe said that the trees would be planted soon.【拓展延伸】1) 短语动词的被动结构：用于这类被动结构的短语动词要作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词例如：The baby is looked after carefully.2) 有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思: 具有及物意义的不及物动词的被动意义在主语是物的句子里，有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义常用的这类动词有sell, read, feel, write, wear, wash, open, clean, cook, keep, cut, fill, blow, measure, lock, run, record, begin, shut 等等。例如：The book sells well. 这本书很畅销Your composition reads well. 你的作文读起来很不错This pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔好用 动名词主动形式表示被动意义通常是物作 want, need, require 等动词的主语时（也可以是人）表示事物（或人）客观上需要，用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义例如：The classroom wants/needs/requires cleaning. 教室需要打扫这种用法的动名词改用不定式一般式的被动形式后也可表同样意义例如：The classroom wants to be cleaned.【典型例题】1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.A.will request B.are requestedC.are requesting D.request【答案】B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而visitor与request之间是动宾关系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。【点拨】分析visitors与request之间的关系是此题的解题关键2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.A.is changing B.has changedC.will have changed D.will change【答案】A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法【点拨】句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时表达。3. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start.A.completed B.completeC.had been completed D.have been completed【答案】D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and were ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达【点拨】注意分清complete与主语之间的关系；结合语境选择正确时态【实战演练】1.My mother told me:“ the earth _around the sun.”A. go B. goes C. went D. has gone2. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factory.A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasnt repaired3. Every possible means , but none prove successful.A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried4. _ that they can pass the written exam this time.A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes5. My little sister has broken my watch.- My watch _ by my little sister.A. is broken B. has broken C. have been brokenD. has been broken6. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.- His room _ by him when I entered the room.A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned7. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.- This novel _ reading (by me) by dinner time.A. will have finished . B. will has been finishedC. will have being finished D. will have been finished8. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you).A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept cleanC. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean9. You are about to write a poem, arent you?- A poem _ (by you), _ ?A. is about to be written, arent you B. is about to be writing, isnt itC. is about to be writing, arent you D. is about to be written, isnt it10. She had better leave a note to him. - A note _ to him (by her).A. had better left B. had be better left C. had better be left D. had better been left11. He doesnt do his homework every day. - His homework _ by him every day.A. doesnt be done B. arent done C. dont be done D. isnt done12. We must take care of our parents when they are old. - Our parents _ when they are old.A. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take care of D. must be taken care of13. People look down upon him because he is a liar. - He _ because he is a liar.A. is looked down B. is looked down upon C. looks down upon D. looks down14 Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.- A dictionary _ me by Father on my birthday.A. shall be given to B. will give C. shall given to D. will be giving to15. We elected her leader.- She by us.A. is elected leader B. was leader elected C. was elected leader D. leader was elected【参考答案】1-5BABBD 6-10ADCDD 11-15DDBAC定语从句【基础过关】1、 定语从句在句中修饰某个名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词定语从句需用下列关联词：关系代词 关系副词起连词作用，本身做从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语 起连词作用，本身在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语 who, whom, that, whose, which, as when, where, why2、 掌握以上关系代词、关系副词的含义及使用时，要特别注意以下几点：1） 指人时宜用who 的情况：a. 当先行词是 one, ones, anyone 或 those 时，关系代词用 who。Anyone who goes there will be punished.b. 在there be 开头的句子中Theres a beautiful girl who came to see you this morning.c. 先行词后有一个较长的定语I met a foreigner in the city last week who could speak Chinese well.d. 在非限定性定语从句中She has a brother, who worked at that factory ten years ago.2) 指物时宜用 that 的情况：a. 当先行词为 all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词时。All that can be done has been done.b. 当先行词既指人又指物时He spoke of the men and the thing (that) he had seen abroad.c. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.d. 当先行词被 the very, the only, the last, any, every 等修饰时。This is one of the very book that I am looking for.e. 当先行词是疑问词 who, what, which 时。Who that has such a home doesnt love it?f. 关系代词在从句中作表语Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.3) 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情况a. 引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking.Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry.b. 关系代词作介词的宾语。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.4) 关系代词 as 和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容，as引导的从句可位于句首或句末，which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首Which you know, he is a good man. ()As you know, he is a good man. ()6)关系副词when, where, why其含义相当于on which, in which for which等，可以互换：The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st.I dont know the reason why /for which he didnt come.7)whose指物时，可以与of which等结构互换，但应注意与冠词的位置关系：This is the book the cover of which / of which the cover / whose cover is blue.8)有时可用代替关系副词。在口语中常省略This is the reason (why / for which / that) he came late.9)先行词是专有名词、整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is very big.10)在先行词和定语从句之间有无逗号有时会引起名义的变化：He said nothing that made her angry. 他没说使她生气的话He said nothing, which made her angry. 他一言不发，这使她很生气3、 定语从句与强调结构It is the place where they lived before.It is in the place that they lived before.第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place，在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place, that没有意义，把放回后面句子，句子意思完整。Where is it that he found the lost watch? (强调句型，强调疑问副词where.)Where is the watch he found yesterday? (定语从句，that指代the watch.)4、 定语从句中的先行词Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?Is this the book that you bought yesterday?第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday?5、 定语从句与同位语从句定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容例如：The news that we heard is not true. (定语从句)The news that he won the prize is not true. （同位语从句）另: 在“have no idea 从句”结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语例如：I have no idea when she will be back.【拓展延伸】必须注意的问题（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)（4）关系词在从句中省略的情况关系词作宾语，前无介词时。关系词作表语。（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。（7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：He is the only one of the students who has got very good marksin the match.（句中one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.【典型例题】1. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that farawayvillage.A.until B.that C.when D.where【答案】C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择【点拨】作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语to me所分隔定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。2. _ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.A.It B.As C.That D.What【答案】B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句【点拨】as作“正如”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A.which B.where C.that D.when【答案】B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择【点拨】定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词【实战演练】1. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers,_ has a great effect on my life.A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who2. Wilma became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, _made her mother very proud.A. it B. that C. which D. this3. Can you tell me the name of the factory _ you visited last week?A. what B. where C. / D. when4. I dont like the way _ you speak to her.A. / B. in that C. which D. of which5. The most important thing _ we should pay attention to is the first thing _ I have said.A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that6. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons _ none of us has ever heard of.A. which B. who C. whom D. that7. He never reads anything _ is not worth reading.A. which B. as C. who D. that8. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it9. _ was expected, he failed in the exam.A. That B. As C. Which D. It10. I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when11. The children climbed up the hill, _ they picnicked.A. on its top B. on the top of it C. on whose top D. on the top of that12. I still remember the day _ I first came to the college.A. on which B. in which C. at which D. which13. They will never forget the day _ they got married.A. that B. which C. in which D. when14. He makes good use of the time _ he can spare.A. when B. that C. in that D. in which15. The factory _ his mother works is in the east of the city.A. that B. which C. on which D. where16. The place _ interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. which B. where C. what D. in which17. That is the reason _ he wasnt here yesterday.A. why B. which C. on which D. in which18. That is the reason _ he cant say.A. why B. that C. what D. in which19. You have no idea _ worried I was.A. how B. however C. that D. where20. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.A. until B. that C. when D. where【参考答案】1-5BCCAD 6-10 DDCBA 11-15CADBD 16-20AABAC名词性从句【基础过关】名词性从句精讲精析（1）主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。一主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) it is 形容词从句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) it is 不及物动词从句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧(4) it 过去分词从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)(3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：