2020届高考英语二轮专题复习 语法十三、非谓语动词

2020;2020届高考英语二轮专题复习精品语法十三、非谓语动词诊断与对策.选择括号内的词或短语填空1.With the mashups _ (adding to/added to) the basic Google Maps，a multilayered(多层的) map can be created.2._ (Getting/Having got) rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing _(fixing/fixed) about attitudes to dirt.3.Weather _ (permits/permitting)，well go to the Great Wall.4._ (Toms/Tom) failing to pass the exam made his parents angry.5.The clothes in the bed need _ (washing/being washed).单项填空1.Im going to Beijing next week.Do you have anything _ there?No，but thank you all the same.A.to be taken B.to takeC.taking D.taken解析考查不定式作定语。动词take和anything之间是被动关系，且take的逻辑主语在该句中没出现，故用不定式的被动式。2. to visit us made us feel very happy.A.My uncle coming B.My uncles comingC.My uncle has come D.My uncle came解析考查动名词的复合结构作主语。动名词的复合结构作主语时，其逻辑主语要用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词，故只有B项正确。3.The rare fish， from the cooking pot，has been returned to the sea. (2020;2020上海，32)A.saved B.savingC.to be saved D.having saved解析考查过去分词短语作定语。save与fish之间是动宾关系，且动作已完成，故用过去分词表示。4.Mrs. Brown sat at the door of the room with her legs .A.crossed B.cross C.to cross D.crossing解析考查with复合结构。her legs与cross之间是被动关系，故用crossed。5. himself with necessary knowledge and skills，the young man went to the job market with much confidence.A.Equipped B.EquippingC.Having equipped D.Being equipped解析由题意知是先使他自己学好必要的知识技能，然后去求职。可见动作有先后顺序，而且the young man和equip之间是主动关系，故选C。备考策略1.分析句法知识，确定基本句型。非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点，真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：(1)具有句子结构知识，要分清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句；(2)具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分清双宾语和复合宾语；(3)具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。一些最基础、最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸；(4)具备各种复合句的知识，能够正确分析长、难句。2.掌握基本结构，区分三种形式。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动词的ing形式和动词的ed形式。高考备考时，对非谓语动词要有充分的认识和归纳，现在分词表示动作“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”，而不定式则含有“将来”的含义。解题时，头脑要冷静。一方面要认真分析句子结构，确定所填动词在句子中作谓语还是非谓语；如果作非谓语，还要确定动词与逻辑主语的逻辑关系以及该动作与谓语动词的动作发生时间的先后；同时要注意标点符号特别是逗号的作用。3.分析句子结构，确定正确形式。做题时，如果遇到对动词形式的考查，要按照以下步骤解题：(1)分析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的成分(如状语、定语或宾补)；(2)找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动)；(3)搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；(4)将该选项置于空中，看能否做到字从意顺，是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。考点与考题考点一非谓语动词的几种特殊结构1.不定式的复合结构“for/of名词(代词)不定式”构成不定式的复合结构。Its expensive for people to use electricity for cooking.2.动名词的复合结构动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主语可用名词所有格或普通格，有时也可用形容词性物主代词或代词宾格。I cant imagine George/Georges sailing (乔治穿越) across the ocean in a boat.3.分词的复合结构(即分词的独立主格结构)“名词/主格代词分词”构成分词的复合结构或独立主格结构。Weather permitting(天气允许的话)，well play golf this afternoon.4.“疑问词不定式”结构不定式必须用主动形式。When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet.5.with复合结构With much homework to do(由于有许多作业要做)，I refused the invitation to Marys birthday party.考题印证1.Its important for the figures _ regularly.(2020;2020北京，25)A.to be updated B.to have been updatedC.to update D.to have updated解析句意为：对数字进行定期地更新非常重要。the figures与update之间是被动关系，且update动作发生在未来，故用不定式的一般被动式。2.Now that weve discussed out the problem，are people happy with the decisions ？A.taking B.take C.taken D.to take解析考查with宾语宾语补足语的用法。take与the decisions之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动。3.The children went home from the grammar school，their lessons for the day.A.finishing B.finishedC.had finished D.were finished解析their lessons finished for the day是独立主格结构。独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容(副)词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。根据lessons与finish的关系可判断出要用动词ed形式，表示被动。动词ing形式表示主动；had finished和were finished都不是非谓语动词，故B项正确。4.He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.A.to have B.havingC.have D.had解析英语中常用“疑问词to do”，相当于不定式的作用，在句中作主语、宾语等；此处whether to do作宾语从句的主语，故A项正确。5.What surprised the king most was to meet his queen.A.his not allowingB.his not being allowedC.his being not allowedD.having not been allowed解析考查动名词短语作表语。非谓语动词的否定式是将not放在非谓语动词之前，故C、D两项错，且the king和allow之间是被动关系，故答案为B。考点二非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义1.不定式作定语与被修饰的词构成被动关系，但不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时，用不定式的主动式。Please give me some books to read.2.在“be性质形容词不定式”结构中，不定式常用主动形式，常见的性质形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，safe，interesting，heavy，pleasant，comfortable，dangerous，impossible等。He is not easy to get along with.3.某些不定式与be连用时，如to blame，to seek，to let等。He is to blame for this.4.形容词worth后常用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。The book is worth reading.5.need，want，require，deserve等后所跟动词如果与句子的主语之间是被动关系，则常用该动词的ing形式表达to be done的含义。选词填空1.Is the ice hard enough to skate on (to skate on/to be skated on/to skate)?2.The room requires cleaning (being cleaned/cleaning).考题印证1.I have a lot of readings before the end of this term. (2020;2020山东，23)A.completing B.to completeC.completed D.being completed解析句意为：本学期结束前，我有大量的阅读(任务)要完成。have sth.to do是英语中一个基本结构，意为“有某事要做”，to do作定语，其逻辑主语为句子的主语。2.I felt it is your husband who for the spoiled child.A.is to blame B.is going to blameC.is to be blamed D.should blame解析考查be to blame固定短语，意为“该受责备”，主动形式表示被动意义。3.What do you think of the book?Oh，excellent.Its worth a second time.A.to read B.to be readC.reading D.being read解析worth后跟动名词的主动式表示被动意义。4.The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable .(2020;2020福建，27)A.held B.holding C.be held D.to hold解析句意为：与前一个版本厚度与重量的不同使得iPad 2拿着更舒服。仔细观察句子可知，题干中含有一个句式：make宾语形容词动词不定式。分析此句式结构可知，hold与宾语iPad 2之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，但与其逻辑主语(for) us之间为主谓关系，在此省略了逻辑主语，故用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。考点三there be结构的非谓语形式及其用法there be结构的非谓语形式有there to be和there being两种。它们可以在句中作主语，宾语或状语。1.作主语时，there being可直接位于句首作主语，当“there to be名词短语”作主语时，通常要用for引导。It would be surprising for there not to be any objections(没有反对意见).2.作动词宾语时，通常要用there to be结构，常见的动词有expect，like，mean，intend，want，hate等。3.作介词宾语时，如果介词是for，便只能用there to be结构；如果是其他介词，则要用there being结构。4.作状语时，通常要用there being结构。There being no further business(没有什么事)，the chairman closed the meeting.考题印证1.The secretary arranged for another view.A.there to be B.there wasC.there being D.there been解析there be的非谓语形式前如有介词for，则用其there to be形式。2.We didnt find the Blacks the lecture.No one had told them about a lecture the following day.A.attending；there beingB.to attend；there to beC.attended；there beD.attend；there was解析空一用attending作宾补，补充说明the Blacks的动作；空二there being为动名词短语作介词about的宾语。考点四非谓语动词作定语的区别1.现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和正在进行。2.及物动词的过去分词作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，表示该动作的被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成。3.动词不定式作定语多表示在谓语动词后发生的动作，也可以表示一个过去已经完成的主动动作，但此时不定式前常有形容词、分词或序数词。4.动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰名词的用途，其间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。5.单个分词与动名词作前置定语，分词短语与不定式作后置定语。用括号内所给词的正确形式填空1.Madam Curie was the first to discover the element radium.(discover)2.The soldiers each have a sleeping bag.(sleep)3.The polluted river gives out a terrible smell.(pollute)考题印证1.The players from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.(2020;2020湖南，23)A.selecting B.to selectC.selected D.having selected解析selected from the whole country为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the players，the players与select之间是被动关系，故选C。2.His first book next month is based on a true story. (2020;2020陕西，19)A.published B.to be publishedC.to publish D.being published解析句意为：他的第一本书下个月就要出版了，这本书是根据一个真实故事写的。由时间状语next month可以得出，这里表示将来的动作，故用动词不定式；book与publish之间又是被动关系，所以用动词不定式的被动形式。3.Recently a survey prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (2020;2020江苏，31)A.compared B.comparingC.compares D.being compared解析a survey与compare之间是主动关系，故不能选A、D两项，且此处需要一非谓语动词形式作定语，故只有B项正确。考点五非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致的几种情况1.有些现在分词已转化为介词或连词，其逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。常见的有：regarding，concerning，considering，including，failing，beginning，supposing等。2.有些分词短语已成为固定搭配，其逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。如：judging from，talking of，coming to，taking all things into consideration，according to，generally/frankly/strictly/honestly speaking等。Coming to/Talking of (谈到) politics，he is a layman.3.现在分词作结果状语，其逻辑主语在意思上指前面整个句子，这时现在分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。4.独立不定式也与句子的主语无关，但是要用逗号与句子隔开。如：to be honest，to begin with，to tell you the truth，to make matters worse等。To make matters worse (更糟糕的是)，he locked his keys in the car.考题印证1. ，the more expensive the camera，the better its quality.A.General speaking B.Speaking generalC.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally解析考查固定短语，generally speaking“一般说来”。2.More highways have been built in China， it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (2020;2020陕西，20)A.making B.madeC.to make D.having made解析现在分词短语作结果状语，其逻辑主语为前边的整个句子。3.In order to improve English， .A.Jennys father bought her a lot of tapesB.Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herselfC.a lot of tapes were bought by JennyD.a lot of tapes were bought by Jennys father解析根据非谓语动词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语相一致的原则，improve的逻辑主语一定是Jenny，故答案为B。题点与题组命题点一with复合宾语和独立主格结构1.In the reading room，we found her at a desk，with her attention on a book.A.sitting；fixing B.seated；fixedC.sit；fixing D.sitting；fix解析第一空用seated作宾补，强调“her”所处的状态；第二空为with复合结构，her attention与fix之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。2.It would be a good idea to use a plastic bottle， _ cut off，as a container to grow young plants in.A.of which the top B.the top isC.the top of which D.with its top解析the top与cut off之间为被动关系，故可以排除A、C两项；又由句子的标点符号可知，此处为非谓语，故D项正确。3.Bats are surprisingly longlived creatures，some _a life span of around 20 years.(2020;2020浙江，3)A.having B.hadC.have D.to have解析句意为：蝙蝠是令人吃惊的长寿动物，有些蝙蝠的生命周期达到大约20年。分析句式结构可知，这是一个简单句，中间用逗号分隔，所以后半句是对前半句的补充说明，some是逻辑主语，其后应跟非谓语动词形式，由于some与have之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词形式，构成独立主格结构。4.With no central government，the island was ruled by kings， a different region of the country.A.each controlling B.each controlledC.each to control D.each was controlling解析分析结构可知，空白处为非谓语动词；each与control之间为主谓关系，故用“代词doing”构成独立主格结构。5.Mr. Smith has two sons，one of working as a bus driver.A.them