动物生理学3.血液(上).ppt

Chapter3Blood,extracellularfluid30%intracellularfluid70%,interstitialfluid22.7%Plasma7.3%,Bodyfluids60%ofbodyweight,TheFunctionofBlood,Agianttransportationsystem,O2,CO2,nutrients,wastes,hormone,etchomeostaticfuntion.OrganismtriestokeepbloodcompositionstableandithelptoholdinterstitialenvironmentstabilityBuffersystem,tomaintainthepH,temperatureetcDefense,Defenseagainstbloodlossorbleeding(hemostasis),bloodcoagulation;DefenseagainstforeignbiologicalmaterialorimmunologicaldefenseNote:Torealisethosefunctionsbloodhastobepermanentlycirculating,3.1CompositionandPhysicalandchemicalPropertiesofBlood,Plasma5055%BloodBloodcell(corpuscles,formedelements)4550%,Serumfibrinogen,3.1.1BloodComposition,Hematocrit(HTC)比容,hemtkrit,Plasma,Water93%Protein6585g/L(AlbuminMW69000,Globulin170000,Fibrinogen40000)Electrolyte(Na+,Cl,HCO3)Othersubstances,Redbloodcell(RBC,erythrocyte)Whitebloodcell(WBC,leukocyte)Platelet(thrombocyte),Bloodcell(formedelement),Bloodvolumeisabout78%ofbodyweight,about5LinaaverageadulthumanBloodvolumeisdeterminedbyinjectingaknownamountofdyelikeEvanblueintothebloodstreamanddeterminingitsconcentrationafteritmixeswiththetotalcirculatingbloodandbeforeitdisappearfromthecirculation(about10min)AmountofinjecteddyePlasmaVolume=ConcentrationofdyeinbloodPlasmavolumex100Totalbloodvolume=%plasma,3.1.2BloodVolume(血量）,Osmoticpressureofplasma(300mOsmforhuman)crystalosmoticpressure(298.7mOsm)colloidosmoticpressure(1.3mOsm)PlasmapH7.357.45forhumanSpecificgravityofblood1.0501.060Specificgravityofplasma1,0251.030Viscosityofbloodabout5timesgreaterthanthatofwater,ismarkedlyinfluencedbytheconcentrationoferythrocyteandplasmaproteins.,3.1.3PhysicalandchemicalPropertiesofBlood,NormalSaline,3.2BloodcellPhysiology,3.2.1血细胞生成的部位和一般过程血细胞生成的部位(造血器官)胚胎早期卵黄囊2-3个月胚胎肝、脾4个月以后肝、脾、骨髓婴儿骨髓(肝脾可补充)成年人骨髓(仅限于一些扁骨和长骨的骨骺部)造血微环境是指造血干细胞定居的、存活、增殖、分化和成熟的场所(T淋巴细胞在胸腺中成熟)，包括造血器官中的基质细胞、基质细胞分泌的细胞外基质和各种造血调节因子。造血微环境在血细胞形成的全过程当中起调控、诱导和支持作用。,造血过程和造血干细胞,造血(hemopoiesis,hi:mupii:sis)过程就是各类造血细胞发育和成熟的过程造血干细胞(hemopoieticstemcell)定向祖细胞(committedprogenitors)集落(colony)前体细胞(precursors),3.2.2RedBloodCellPhysiology,ErythrocytecountandappearanceErythrocytecount4.05.5x1012formen,3.55.0 x1012forwomen.Erthrocytesarebiconcavediscswithadiameterofabout78microns.Thematurehuman(mammal)erythrocytehasnonucleus,butothervetebratesdoes.ItcostenergyforErythrocytetokeeptheirnormalshape.Itcontainshemoglobin(Hb),about1/3ofmassMainfunctionistocarryoxygen,MicroscopicViews,Hbconcentrationis120-160g/Lformen,110-150g/Lforwomen.TheHbmoleculecontains4subunits,everyonewithhemehi:m(亚铁血红素）andglobinAnaemiani:mi贫血Anaemiaisaconditioninwhichthehemoglobinconcentrationinthebloodisbelowadefinedlevel,resultinginareducedoxygen-carryingcapacityofredbloodcells.,PhysiologicalPropertiesandFunctionofRedBloodCells,Permeabilityoftheerythrocytemembrane红细胞膜的通透性Plasticdeformationoferythrocyte红细胞的可塑变形Suspensionstability悬浮稳定性Erythrocytesedimentationrate(ESR)红细胞的沉降率Rouleauxformationoferythrocyte红细胞的叠连Agglutinationoferythrocyte红细胞的凝集Osmoticfragility渗透脆性和Hemolysis溶血Functiontransportationofoxygenandcarbondioxide,Erythropoiesis红细胞生成红细胞生成的部位、所需原料铁、叶酸和VB12生成