unit 8 Providing Explanations.ppt

ProvidingExplanations,Why?How?,Weallknowballscanbounce,buthaveyoueverthoughtaboutwhyorhowtheybounce?,GivingExplanations,Practice2:Workwithapartnerandtalkaboutwhyorhowthefollowingthingshappen.Howdoairplanesfly?Whydopeoplesweat?WhydoestheEarthhavedifferentseasons?Whycantbabieswalk?Whydopeoplesometimesshakeorturnredwhentheyrenervous?,ProvidingSupportforYourExplanation,Onceyouhavechosentogiveanexplanation,youneedtosupportit.Youshouldconsider:reasonswhysomethingdoeswhatitdoes,orhappensthewayithappensdefinitionsordescriptionsofobjectsandmaterialscauseseffectstheamountofsupportyouneedtogiveaclearandeffectiveexplanationgivingexamples,Practice3:Lookatthisexplanationtowhyaballbounces.Lookatthequestionsbelowitandtickthequestionifyouranswerisyes.,Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofanelasticsubstance.Whenithitsasurface,itbouncesoffofit.Doestheexplanationgivereasonswhytheballbounces?Doesitgiveadescriptionordefinitionoftheobject/material(ball/elastic/surface)?Doesitgiveacause?Doesitgivetheeffect?,Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofanelasticsubstance.Whenithitsasurface,itbouncesoffofit.Doestheexplanationgivereasonswhytheballbounces?Yes.Itsaysballsbouncebecausetheyaremadeofelasticandthatelasticbounces.,Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofanelasticsubstance.Whenithitsasurface,itbouncesoffofit.Doesitgiveadefinitionofobjectsandmaterials?Nodefinition.Whatiselastic?Whatkindofsurface?Youdbesurprisedhowmanypeopledontknowwhatelasticis.,Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofanelasticsubstance.Whenithitsasurface,itbouncesoffofit.Doesitgiveacause?Yes.“becauseitismadeofanelasticsubstance.Whenithitsasurface”,Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofanelasticsubstance.Whenithitsasurface,itbouncesoffofit.Doesitgivetheeffect?Yes.Theeffectisthat“itbouncesoffofit”thesurface.,Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofanelasticsubstance.Whenithitsasurface,itbouncesoffofit.Isthereenoughsupport?Itdependsonthereader.Whiletheexplanationdoesgivereasons,causesandeffects,itmaynotgiveenoughsupportforthelayman.Thereaderwillstillhavemanyquestions.Forinstance,thewriterdidntaddressanyofthefollowingquestions:1.Whatiselastic?Whatkindofsurface?Isasoftsurfaceokay?2.Whydoeselasticcausetheballtobounce?3.Howdoestheballgettothesurface?4.Whatistheprocessoftheballhittingthesurfaceandreturning?Whatdoestheballdoduringthattime?,Hereisanotherexplanationofwhyaballbounces:Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofelastic.Elastic,whichisarubberysubstance,ismadeofmanyinterweavingstrands.Whenaballisthrownandimpactsahardsurface,theelasticchangesshape.Thetightlywoundstrandsfighttoregaintheoriginalshape,andthustheballreboundsfromthesurface.Askyourselfwhetherthisdescriptionmeetsthemissingcriteriaabove.,Aballbouncesbecauseitismadeofelastic.Elastic,whichisarubberysubstance,ismadeofmanyinterweavingstrands.Whenaballisthrownandimpactsahardsurface,theelasticchangesshape.Thetightlywoundstrandsfighttoregaintheoriginalshape,andthustheballreboundsfromthesurface.,Amoredetaileddefinitionofelasticisgiven.Itshouldbefairlycleartothereaderwhatelasticisandwhyitcausesaballtobounce.Inaddition,welearnthatthesurfaceneedstobehard.Thisexplanationprovidesmoresupport.Aftergivingadefinitionofelastic,itsayswhyandhowelasticcausestheballtobounce.Moreover,wenowknowhowtheballgetstothesurface.,Wouldyouaddanythingelse?,Discussthefollowingwithaclassmate.Whyshouldweexerciseandeathealthy?,ExerciseandEatHealthy,Exercisemakesyoulookbetter.Exercisemakesyoufeelbetter.Exercisecanallowyoutolivelonger.Eatinghealthymakesyoulookandfeelbetter.Youonlygetonebody;youdbetteronlyputingoodthingsandkeepthebadout.Fattyfoodscauseustogainweight.,ReasonsWhy,Discusswithyourpartner.Whataresomecausesandeffectsofthefollowing?Apersonusuallylosesweightwhenexercising.Apersonusuallygainsweightwhennotexercising.Apersonoftenlosesweightwhendietingandeatinghealthily.Apersonoftengainsweightwhenovereatingandeatingjunkfood.,SportsExerciseequipment(treadmills,bikes,weights)Afriendorpartnertomotivateyou.Healthbooksandothermedia.Nutritionguidelinesonfoodpackagesoratrestaurants.,KidsWorkLazinessFriendsorpartnersthateatpoorlyFastfoodrestaurants,Workalone.Makealistofsomethingsthathelpusexerciseandeathealthyandofthingsthatcauseustoavoidexerciseoreatunhealthily.Trytothinkofatleast5foreach.,Ingroups,talkaboutwhyorhowthesethingscausewhattheydo.,ExplanatoryLanguage,becauseasLanguageofExplanationssothatto(inorderto)anewsentence,Couldyousurviveaterriblesnowstorm?,Letshopeyounevergetcaughtinasnowstorm.Butshouldithappen,thereareseveraleasystepsforbuildingasheltertohelpyousurvivethisterribleevent.Firstandforemost,youneedtokeepdry,especiallyyourshoes,socksandfeet.Why?Stayoffofthegroundbybuildingaraisedarea,orafloor,madefromstonesortreebranches.Why?Attachsidewallsmadeofthickbranchestothefloor.Makesurethereareasfewgapsaspossiblebetweenthewallbranches.Why?Buildyourroofatanangle.Theroofshouldneverlayflat.Why?Ifpossible,buildyourshelternextto,orbetween,twotrees.Why?Afteryouvebuiltyourshelter,staycalmandmovearoundasmuchaspossible.Why?Inyourjournal,addexplanationstotheparagraphabove.,HowtoSurviveaSnowstorm,Letshopeyounevergetcaughtinasnowstorm.Butshouldithappen,thereareseveraleasystepsforbuildingasheltertohelpyousurvivethisterribleevent.Firstandforemost,youneedtokeepdry,especiallyyourshoes,socksandfeetaswetfeetcouldleadtohypothermia,orworse,causeyoutofreezetodeath.Why?Stayoffofthegroundbybuildingaraisedarea,orafloor,madefromstonesortreebranchestokeepyouoffthecold,wetgroundwhileallowingyoutostaywarmeranddryer.Why?Attachsidewallsmadeofthickbranchestothefloor.Makesurethereareasfewgapsaspossiblebetweenthewallbranchessothatgustsoffrozenwinddontinvadeyourshelter.Why?Buildyourroofatanangle.TheroofshouldneverlayflatAflatroofcouldcausetheceilingtocollapse.Why?Ifpossible,buildyourshelternextto,orbetween,twotreesasthisprovidesyouanaturalwindandsnowbarrier.Why?Afteryouvebuiltyourshelter,staycalmandmovearoundasmuchaspossiblebecausemovementincreasesbodytemperatureandmightjustsaveyourlifeintheeventofaterriblesnowstorm.Why?,HowtoSurviveaSnowstorm,Unit8(B),篇章翻译,篇章翻译通常采用三种手段：全译、编译和摘译。,下面是日出(曹禺著)原文节选及其译文(潘经理进。大丰银行的经理潘月亭。穿一身古铜色的儫绒皮袍。上面套着是缎坎肩。那上面挂着金表链和翠坠儿。他仿佛刚穿上衣服，领口还未系好。一边的领子还系在里面，一只手拿着雪茄，皱着眉却又忍不住笑。)潘月亭(低声)我知道你想我，(自作多情)是不是?你想我。你说，模拟想我，是不是？（呵呵大笑）陈白露嗯!我想你潘月亭是的，我知道，(指点着)你良心好。陈白露嗯，我想你给我办一件事。潘月亭(故意皱起眉头)又是办事，又是办事。一你见着我，没有别的，你专门好管这些闲事。陈白露你怎么知道的?潘月亭福升全告诉我了。陈白露你管不管?潘月亭(走近小东西)原来是这么个小东西。小东西是，老爷。陈白露你看她多么可怜。她潘月亭得了，我知道，反正总是那么一套。陈白露(要挟地)月亭，你管不管?潘月亭我管!我管!陈白露小东西，你还不谢谢潘经理。,(潘经理进。大丰银行的经理潘月亭。穿一身古铜色的儫绒皮袍。上面套着是缎坎肩。那上面挂着金表链和翠坠儿。他仿佛刚穿上衣服，领口还未系好。一边的领子还系在里面，一只手拿着雪茄，皱着眉却又忍不住笑。)(MrPan，thebankmanager，comesinHeiswearingadarkbrowngownlinedwithotterfurwithasleevelesssatinjacketoverit，hungwithagoldwatch-chainandanemeraldpendantHeseemstohavejustdressed，forhiscollar-buttonhasnotyetbeendoneupHehasacigarinonehandandalthoughhisbrowsarecreasedintoafrownhecannotkeepasmilefromhislips),潘月亭(低声)我知道你想我，(自作多情)是不是?你想我。你说，模拟想我，是不是？（呵呵大笑）陈白露嗯!我想你Pan(self-confidently)：(inalowvoice)Iknewyouwerethinkingofme(tryingtosoundsentimentally)，werentyou?Pai-lu：Yes,Iwasthinkingofyou,潘月亭是的，我知道，(指点着)你良心好。陈白露嗯，我想你给我办一件事。潘月亭(故意皱起眉头)又是办事，又是办事。一你见着我，没有别的，你专门好管这些闲事。Pan：Thereyouare,Iknewit(Gesturingtowardsher)YourheartsintherightplacePai-lu：Yes,IwasthinkingofyouandmetacklingajobtogetherPan：(puttingonafrown)：TacklingajobagainIsthatallyoucanthinkofwhenyouseeme?Notimeforanythingbutgettingmixedupinthingsthatdontconcernyou,陈白露你怎么知道的?潘月亭福升全告诉我了。陈白露你管不管?Pai-lu：Howdoyouknow?Pan：Fu-shengtoldmeallaboutitPai-lu：Areyouon?,潘月亭(走近小东西)原来是这么个小东西.陈白露你看她多么可怜。她潘月亭得了，我知道，反正总是那么一套。Pan：(goingacrosstotheShrimp)：Well,sothisisthelittleshrimpPai-lu：Lookatthepoorlittlething，shePan：Allright,allright,IknowallaboutitThatswhatalwayshappens，anyway,陈白露(要挟地)月亭，你管不管?潘月亭我管!我管!陈白露小东西，你还不谢谢潘经理。Pai-lu：(menacingly)Well,Yueh-ting，areyouon?Pan：Yes，Imon!Pai-lu：Well,Shrimp，arentyougoingtothankMrPan?,二、编译,编译即译者根据不同的要求，如读者对象、版面设计，用自己的语言将原来篇幅较长、文字繁杂的材料翻译压缩，但译文大意不走样。编译注意点：1首先通读原文，对原文进行综合分析和研究，确保深入彻底的理解。2对有关的背景知识，特别是政治观点，要把握准确。3在编译过程中，注意查阅有关资料和工具书。4对编译好的文章，要认真核对，确保行文既通顺流畅，又符合原文精神。,在南京附近的长江畔新建起一座现代化的化纤之城仪征化纤工业联合公司。在这片方园10平方公里的地方，有500幢住宅楼和风格迥异的公用建筑楼群拔地而起；还有一座座厂房、仓库、水塔、管架高低交错。这是国家在1980年代的重点工程之一。第一期工程于1984年建成投入试生产，现在已进入第二期工程建设。TheYizhengSyntheticFiberComplexisakeyprojectwhichspreadoutoveranareaof10squarekilometersinYizhengCounty,northea