环境工程专业英语PPT课件

环境工程专业英语ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering,HanXiaogangCollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityTelQQ:103475685,.,2,EnglishProverb,Imperfectionisbeauty,madness(疯狂)isgenius(天才，天赋)，anditsbettertobeabsolutelyridiculous(荒唐的)thanabsolutelyboring.,不完美也是一种美丽，疯狂也是一种天赋，不靠谱总好过超无聊。,.,3,ReviewoftheLastLesson,.,4,Appreciationofmovies,The11thHour,Chinesename（中文名称）,第十一个小时,Director,Castleberry，LeonardoDiCaprio,Informationaboutthemove（相关信息）,莱昂纳多.迪卡普里奥,本片是以一种访谈的形式，向观众说明了我们所面临环境问题。访谈对象包括前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫、著名科学家史蒂芬霍金、前中情局局长詹姆斯伍尔西、超过50位的顶尖科学家、思想家和领导者。,.,5,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,.,6,1.BackgroundtoEnvironmentScience,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Scienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce.,Science,SocialScience,NatureScience,Thesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes(群落，部落),communities(社区),races(种族),andnations.,Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.,.,7,2.Whatisthebookabout?,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Theobjective,Descriptionofenvironmental,Theobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinary（跨学科，各学科）studyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.,Theprimarycoverage,Informationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances(困扰),Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem,.,8,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Theprimarycoverage,Currentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblems,Considerablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnature,Manyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsocietyslackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.,.,9,3.SomeDefinitions,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Environmental,Environmentalisthephysicalandbiotichabitat(栖息地)whichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing(健康，幸福),thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,economic,andculturalaspects.,Systemisasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,watersupplysystem,theworldoruniverse.,System,.,10,3.SomeDefinitions,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Engineering,Engineeringisaprofession(职业、专业)thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties(特性)ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.,Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.,Pollution,.,11,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Environmentalengineeringismanifest(显示，表明)bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation(卫生系统或设备),notably(尤其)intheprovisionofsafe,palatable(可口的),andample(足够)publicwatersupply;theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsolidwastes;theadequatedrainageofurbanandrural(田园，乡村),areasforpropersanitation;andthecontrolofwater,soil,andatmosphericpollution,andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions.,Environmentalengineering,Furthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth.,.,12,3.Interactionofsystems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Manyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater,air,orlandsystems,justifying(证明，为作出解释)thebreakdown(分解)intothesecategories.Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension(理解)ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.,Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerandadministrativereasons,suchsubfields(子域)asairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.,.,13,3.Interactionofsystems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Unfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined(局限于)toanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.,Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom(根源)theemission(排放)ofsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks(烟囱)ofgeneratingstations(发电厂),smelters(熔炉),andautomobileexhausts(汽车尾气)。,Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrents(气流)overwideregions.Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife(水生生物),forests,andagriculturalcrops.,.,14,4.EnvironmentalProblems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Manymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnology.,Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland(耕地),disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols(微生物滋长).,Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated.Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem.,.,15,4.EnvironmentalProblems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Forexample,whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease,itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth.,Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality(婴儿死亡率)isreduced,apopulationexplosionmayresult.,Tofeedthisgrowingpollution,naturalhabitats(自然栖息地)areoftendestroyedbyturningthemintofarmland.,Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed,thewildplants,predatoryanimals(食肉动物),andparasites(寄生生物)thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell.,.,16,4.EnvironmentalProblems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Becauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites,outbreaksofinsectpests(害虫)becomemorecommon.,Farmersusepesticides(农药)tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops,butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted.,Thedevelopmentofthisentire(整个的)cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel(化石燃料)suppliesthatarebecomingscarce.,Inaddition,whenfuelsareburned,airpollutantsaregenerated.,.,17,4.EnvironmentalProblems,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Howdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking(相关联的)problems?Tomakethetask(工作、任务)abitmoremanageable,weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst.,Whatenvironmentalproblemsarepeopleupagainst？,Overpopulation,Pollution,DepletionofResources,ChangesintheGlobalCondition,TheWar,.,18,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Overpopulation,Overpopulationmaybedefinedasthepresenceinagivenareaofmorepeoplethancanbesupportedadequatelybytheresourcesavailableinthatarea.,Manypeoplearguethatthepopulationexplosionthathastakenplaceinthetwentiethcenturyisnowthemostimportantproblemweface.,Itisimportantfirstbecauseoverpopulationisamajorcauseofallenvironmentalproblems:Fewerpeoplewoulduselessoil,chopdownfewertrees,andpourlesssewageintorivers.,.,19,PartIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering,Overpopulation,Second,overpopulationandthestarvation（饥饿）thataccompaniesitaregenerallyhigheronourlistofprioritiesthanotherenvironmentalconcerns.,Itishardtoarguethatanareashouldbesetasideasparklandtopreserve（保护）avanishing（消失）forestorsavanna（平原，热带大草原）whenthatmightbeusedtoraisecropsthatwouldpreventfellowhumanbeingsfromstarvingtodeath.,.,20,专业英语翻译理论,专业英语翻译理论,.,21,专业英语翻译理论,范文：AerobicTreatmentAerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.Aerobicbacteriaarelikehumansinthattheyrequireoxygentosurviveandthrive.Thisistheprimarydifferencebetweenaerobicsystemsandsepticsystems,yousee.Septicsystemsdependonmuchlessefficientanaerobicbacteria.,.,22,专业英语翻译理论,Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.Ofallbiologicalwastetreatmentmethod,aerobicdigestionisthemostwidespeadprocessusedthroughouttheworld(morethan95%).Aerobicbacteriademandoxygentodecomposedissolvedpollutants.Largeamountsofpollutantsrequirelargequantitiesofbacteria;hencethedemandforoxygenwillbehigh.TheBiologicalOxygenDemand(BOD)isameasureofthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinbiologicaloxidationbythebacteria.Itisexpressedinmg/L.,.,23,专业英语翻译理论,TheChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)measuresthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinchemicaloxidation,byaddingstrongacids.Itisexpressedinmg/L.TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable.Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.,.,24,专业英语翻译理论,1.专业英语翻译概论1.1专业英语的特点1.1.1专业英语的词汇特点专业词汇出现的频率低。词义专一。广泛是使用缩写词。如：CODchemicaloxygendemand化学需氧量BODbiochemicaloxygendemand生化需氧量TOCtotalorganiccarbon总有机碳DOdissolvedoxygen溶解氧,.,25,专业英语翻译理论,POPspersistentorganicpollutants持久性有机污染物TSPtotalsuspendedparticle总悬浮颗粒TKNtotalKjeldahlnitrogen总凯氏氮UASBupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket上流式厌氧污泥床MBRmembranebioreactor膜生物反应器SBRsequencingbatchreactor间歇式活性污泥法1.1.2专业英语的句法特点广泛使用陈述句。Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.,.,26,专业英语翻译理论,广泛使用被动语态。Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。,.,27,专业英语翻译理论,简略表达多。TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable.长句使用多。Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。,.,28,专业英语翻译理论,Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.句子倒置。Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsofice多重修饰。iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.,.,29,专业英语翻译理论,Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.庖丁解牛。iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.就近修饰原则。Layer1:Iceencasedin10,000icebergsLayer2:icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,icebergsmorethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.粗译：世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%的这些冰山来源于南极。,.,30,专业英语翻译理论,1.1.3专业英语的修辞特点时态运用有限。过去研究过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。Biofiltrationtechniquefordisposingammonium-contaminatedgasstreamswasinvestigated.修辞手法较为单调。,.,31,专业英语翻译理论,逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因的词：because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,as,asaresult,causedby,for表示语气转折的词：but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,inadditionto表示限制的词：only,ifonly,except,besides,unless表示假设的词：suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providingAerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.,.,32,专业英语翻译理论,1.2翻译的基本知识1.2.1翻译标准严复天演论：信、达、雅忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。,.,33,专业英语翻译理论,1.2.2翻译的过程理解-表达翻译的理解过程通读全文，领会大意。明辨语法，弄清关系。结合上下文，推敲词义。,Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.,.,34,专业英语翻译理论,翻译的表达过程a.一稿初译，忠实为主。b.二稿核对，注意逻辑。c.三稿定局，润色词句。翻译的方法直译意译,Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.,.,35,专业英语翻译理论,2.词义的选择和引申2.1词义的选择2.1.1根据词类选择词义E.g.:like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同Hewouldliketojoinourdiscussion.Thingslikeair,waterormetalarematter.Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesattract.IhopethatIcandrivethetractorlikeyoudo.,.,36,专业英语翻译理论,2.1.2根据词的搭配关系选择词义E.g.:operate:操作、运转、完成、实施Thermalconvectionwillnotoperatedinzerogravity.Rocketsoperateinthevacuumofouterspaceaswellasintheearthatmosphere.Transistors(晶体管)operateascontroldevicesandamplifier.Theelectriccomputerscanoperateonlyaccordingtoinstructions,whichmustbepreparedbymaninadvance.,.,37,专业英语翻译理论,represent:代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述Inorganicflocculantsrepresentnearly20%ofthetotalflocculants.Thematerialreferredtoas“acidrain”representstheraindropsdissolvedCO2whichhaveapHof5.6.,.,38,专业英语翻译理论,2.1.3根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义E.g.:Theabilitytodoworkiscalledenergy.（功）Thisironandsteelworkswassetuplastyear.（工厂）Thetimeforthewatersupplyiscutbyhalf.AisthreetimesaslargeasB.2.1.4语言习惯的转换E.g.:Magnetismisusedtomeasurethecoldesttemperature.(很低的）Light-coloredthingsreflectmorelightthandark-coloredthings.（深、浅）,.,39,专业英语翻译理论,2.2词义的引申2.2.1单词的引申E.g.:Todayisthelinkbetweenyesterdayandtomorrow.（桥梁）Thiskindofwoodworkseasily.（加工）Withinthesebroadcategories,processdifferaccordingtothetypeofthedrier(干燥机).Thethickerthewirethemorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent.（容易）,.,40,专业英语翻译理论,2.2.2词组的引申E.g.:Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixtureandcompounds.（中间结构）Atpresentcoalisthemostcommonfoodofasteamplant.（能源）Highconcentrationsofcriticalelements,suchaslead,arsenic,mercury,mayaffectthehumanhealth.（微量）,.,41,专业英语翻译理论,3.词类转换3.1非动词译成动词E.g.:Thecontrolunitofacomputercausesthemachinetooperateaccordingtomanswish.计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作。,.,42,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.1名词转译为动词1.单独的名词用作动词（1）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词E.g.:Intheabsenceoffriction,vehiclescouldnotevenstart.Controlofdissolvedoxygen,solidsretentiontimeandhydrolyticretentiontimeisnecessaryforefficienttreatmentofwastewater.c.Themainobjectofsedimentationistheseparationofclearwaterfrommixture.,.,43,专业英语翻译理论,(2)一些加er或or的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。E.g.:Talkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungmanspastwrongdoings.ProfessorWangwastheinstructorofourexperiment.2.适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。E.g.:Abodyisnegativelychargedwhenithaselectronsinexcessofitsnormalnumber.,.,44,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.2.形容词译为动词1.英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如familiar、confident、sensibleof等在句中作表语时，译成动词。E.g.:Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible.Theyarequitecontentwiththedataobtainedfromtheexperiment.Wearenotsureabouttheeffectofthisparameteronthequalityoftheeffluent.,.,45,专业英语翻译理论,2.有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时，译成动词。E.g.:Thefinalproductmoistureisdependentonfeedsizeandresidencetimeattemperature.Forlargersizefeed,driedproductmoisturelevelsarehigher.,.,46,专业英语翻译理论,3.起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。E.g.:Thede