雅典卫城的重建及帝国的表述.ppt

雅典卫城的重建及帝国的表述,刘津渝2011年10月26日北京大学，希腊罗马史,TheRhetoricofthePersianWars,FreedomoverslaveryDemocracyovermonarchyPatriotism/devotionoverpride,Theaftermath,-theriseofAthens-PericleanAthens(461-429BC)-furtherdevelopmentof“democracy”;theAthenianLeague;buildingprojects,etc.-theconflictbetweenAthensandSparta-thecomingofThePeloponnesianWar,重建雅典RebuildingAthens,-TheAthenianAcropolis,TheAcropolis雅典卫城,TheAthenianAcropolis,TheErechtheion(Caryatids),TheErechtheion(430?-406),Caryatid,Caryatids,RoyalPalaceinAmsterdam,OudeZijdsVoorburgwal,Amsterdam,Netherlands,VillaHadriana,Italy,Parthenon:TempleofAthenaParthenos(447-432BC),octastyle(8X17columns)24meters(about78feet,9inches)high,Doric,Ionic,Corinthian,意大利南部的Paestum（希腊名Posedonia）保留有较早的多利亚式神庙,GreekcolonyfoundedbytheSybariiTheLucanianperiodTakenoverbytheRomansin273BC,TempleofCeres,TempleofCeres,TempleofPoseidon/Neptune,5thcenturyBC,Friezes,Parthenon2003UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,SWcornermetopeoftheParthenonmythologicalmotif,NorthwestcornermetopesoftheParthenon,Detail,InterpretationoftheSculptures,Integrateshistory,politics,andmyth历史、政治、神话的紧密结合themeofvictoryandstruggle胜利与斗争主题unityoftheGreeks(TrojanWar,PersianWar,etc.)希腊联合subjectswerepan-Hellenic泛希腊因素PoliticalsuperiorityofAthens雅典娜无所不在LargepresenceofAthenaAtticritual(Panathenaicprocession),WherearetheParthenonsculptures?,1.ParthenonsculpturesinAthensOnlysomeoftheParthenonsculpturesinAthensarecurrentlyondisplay.Mosthaveeitherlongbeeninstoreorarestillonthebuildingandatcontinuingriskfromweatheringandpollution.ItishopedthattheywillallbeputonpublicdisplayintheNewAcropolisMuseum,whenworkonitiscompleted.ThereisnoquestionthattheSculpturescouldeverbere-attachedtothebuildingitselfduetoitsfragilityandthecontinuingdangersofairpollution.2.ParthenonSculpturesinLondonAllofthesculpturesinLondonareonpermanentpublicdisplayintheBritishMuseum,wheretheycanbeseenbyaworldaudienceofnearlyfivemillionvisitorsayearfreeofentrycharge,inaspeciallydesigned,coherentsuiteofgallerieswhichincludesspecialfeaturesdesignedtoensurethesculpturesareaccessibleforallvisitors.TheBritishMuseumsMORIVisitorSurveysconsistentlyshowthattheParthenonSculpturesareseenbyapproximately55%to60%ofallvisitorsandaftertheEgyptianGalleriesarethesecondmostpopulardisplayintheMuseum.IncollaborationwithothermuseumsholdingmaterialfromtheParthenon,theBritishMuseumiscurrentlyundertakingapilotprojecttowardsa3-Dvirtualreconstructionofthebuilding.3.ParthenonSculpturesinothermuseumsThefollowinginstitutionsalsoholdsculpturefromtheParthenon:VaticanMuseums;MuseduLouvre,Paris;KunsthistorischesMuseum,Vienna;NationalMuseum,Copenhagen;Glyptothek,Munich;UniversityMuseum,Heidelberg;UniversityMuseum,Wrzburg;MuseoNazionale,Palermo;http:/www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/newsroom/current2003/parsculpt.htm,PhidiasscultstatueofAthenafromParthenon,雅典娜神像重建,维也纳议会大厦,摄于2009年6月,美国田纳西州纳什维尔NashvilleTN的帕特农殿（博物馆），雅典帕特农的复制初建于1897年,ContrastsbetweentheParthenonandErectheion,InvisibilityversusVisibilityApproachingtheAcropolisRegularityversusIrregularitySymmetryversusAssymetryFormalityversusInformality(i.e.randomness)Universality(Panhellenic)versusParticularUniversalGreekmythsandideasContemporary(PersianWars)versusArchaic(BronzeAge)GenericversusVariant,小亚以弗所月神庙；古代世界七大奇迹之一,TheTempleofNike(Victory)ca.420BC(dismantledbytheTurksin1686),TempleofAthenaNike,TempleofAthenaNike:DetailoftheSouthFriezeHistoricalmotif(possiblytheBattleofMarathon)BritishMuseum,Wheredidthemoneycomefrom?,-tribute,TheenemiesofPericleswerecryingouthowthatthecommonwealthofAthenshadlostitsreputationandwasill-spokenofabroadforremovingthecommontreasureoftheGreeksfromtheisleofDelosintotheirowncustody;andhowthattheirfairestexcuseforsodoing,namely,thattheytookitawayforfearthebarbariansshouldseizeit,andonpurposetosecureitinasafeplace,thisPericleshadmadeunavailable,andhowthatGreececannotbutresentitasaninsufferableaffront,andconsiderherselftobetyrannizedoveropenly,whensheseesthetreasure,whichwascontributedbyheruponanecessityforthewar,wantonlylavishedoutbyusuponourcity,togildherallover,andtoadornandsetherforth,asitweresomevainwoman,hungroundwithpreciousstonesandfiguresandtemples,whichcostaworldofmoney.Pericles,ontheotherhand,informedthepeople,thattheywereinnowayobligedtogiveanyaccountofthosemoneystotheirallies,solongastheymaintainedtheirdefense,andkeptoffthebarbariansfromattackingthem.-Plutarch,LifeofPericles,/atlas/europe/static/map07.jpg,Pericles:FuneralOration,Forourgovernmentisnotcopiedfromthoseofourneighbors:weareanexampletothemratherthantheytous.Ourconstitutionisnamedademocracy,becauseitisinthehandsnotofthefewbutofthemany.Butourlawssecureequaljusticeforallintheirprivatedisputes,andourpublicopinionwelcomesandhonorstalentineverybranchofachievement,notasamatterofprivilegebutongroundsofexcellentalone.Andaswegivefreeplaytoallinourpubliclife,sowecarrythesamespiritintoourdailyrelationswithoneanother.Wehavenoblacklooksorangrywordsforourneighborifheenjoyshimselfinhisownway,andweabstainfromthelittleactsofchurlishnesswhich,thoughtheyleavenomark,yetbecauseannoyancetowhosonotesthem.Openandfriendlyinourprivateintercourse,inourpublicactswekeepstrictlywithinthecontroloflaw.Weacknowledgetherestraintofreverence;weareobedienttowhomsoeverissetinauthority,andtothelaws,moreespeciallytothosewhichofferprotectiontotheoppressedandthoseunwrittenordinanceswhosetransgressionbringsshame.(Thucydides,II37),InawordIclaimthatourcityasawholeisaneducationtoGreece,andthathermembersyieldtonone,manbyman,forindependenceofspirit,many-sidednessofattainments,andcompleteself-relianceinlimbsandbrain.Thatthisisnovaingloriousphrasebutactualfactthesupremacywhichourmannershavewonusitselfbearstestimony.Noothercityofthepresentdaygoesouttoherordealgreaterthanevermendreamed;nootherissopowerfulthattheinvaderfeelsnobitternesswhenhesuffersatherhands,andhersubjectsnoshameattheindignityoftheirdependence.Greatindeedarethesymbolsandwitnessesofoursupremacy,atwhichposterity,asallmankindtoday,willbeastonished.WeneednoHomerorothermanofwordstopraiseus;forsuchgivepleasureforamoment,butthetruthwillputtoshametheirimaginingsofourdeeds.Forourpioneershaveforcedawayintoeveryseaandeveryland,establishingamongallmankind,inpunishmentorbeneficence,eternalmemorialsoftheirsettlement.(ThucydidesII41;Bailkey:168),ToyouwhoarepasttheageofvigorIwouldsay:countthelongyearsofhappinesssomuchgaintosetoffagainstthebriefspacethatyetremains,andletyourburdenbelightenedbythegloryofthedead.Fortheloveofhonoraloneisnotstaledbyage,anditisbyhonor,not,assomesay,bygold,thatthehelplessendoflifeischeered.Iturntothoseamongstyouwhoarechildrenorbrothersofthefallen,forwhomIforeseeamightycontestwiththememoryofthedead.Theirpraiseisinallmensmouths,andhardly,evenforsupremestheroism,youwillbeadjudgedtohaveachieved,notthesamebutalittlelessthanthey.Forthelivinghavethejealousyofrivalstocontendwith,butthedeadarehonoredwithunchallengedadmiration.IfImustalsospeakawordtothosewhoarenowinwidowhoodonthepowersanddutiesofwomen,Iwillcastallmyadviceintoonebriefsetence.Greatwillbeyourgloryifyoudonotshowmoreweaknessthanisnaturaltoyoursexhersgreatestofallwhoisnottalkedaboutforgoodorevilamongmen.IhavespokensuchwordsasIhadtosayaccordingasthelawprescribes,andthegravesideofferingstothedeadhavebeendulymade.Henceforwardthecitywilltakechargeoftheirchildrentillmanhood:suchisthecrownandbenefitsheholdsouttothedeadandtotheirkinforthetrialstheyhaveundergoneforher.Forwheretheprizeishighest,there,too,arethebestcitizenstocontendforit.(ThucydidesII44-45;Bailkey:170),TheRevoltofMityleneandtheAthenianReaction,428BC,Cleon:,“Ihaveoftenbeforenowbeenconvictedthatademocracyisincapableofempire,andnevermoresothanbyyourpresentchangeofmindinthematterofMitylene.Fearsorplotsbeingunknowntoyouinyourdailyrelationswitheachother,youfeeljustthesamewithregardtoyourallies,andneverreflectthatthemistakesintowhichyoumaybeledbylisteningtotheirappeals,orbygivingwaytoyourcompassion,arefullofdangertoyourselves,andbringyounothanksforyourweaknessfromyourallies;entirelyforgettingthatyourempireisadespotismandyoursubjectsdisaffectedconspirators,whoseobedienceisinsurednotbyyoursuicidalconcessions,butbythesuperioritygivenyoubyyourownstrengthandnottheirloyalty.(ThucydidesIII38;Bailkey:178-9),Nohope,therefore,thatrhetoricmayinstillormoneypurchase,ofthemercyduetohumanweaknessmustbeheldouttotheMitylenians.Theiroffensewasnotinvoluntary,butofmaliceanddeliberate;andmercyisonlyforunwillingoffenders.Ithereforenowasbeforepersistagainstyourreversingyourfirstdecision,orgivingwaytothethreefailingsmostfataltoempirepity,sentiment,andindulgence(ThucydidesIII38;Bailkey:178-9),TheMeli