英语词汇学课件

,“Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.”,EnglishLexicology(II),.,2,Contents,5.Word-FormationI:theMajorProcesses6.Word-FormationII:theMinorProcesses7.Motivation,Tobecontinued,Chapter5Word-FormationI:TheMajorProcesses,5.1GeneralRemarks5.2Prefixation5.3Suffixation5.4Conversion5.5Compounding,.,4,5.1GeneralRemarks,Thethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationconversion(10.5%)compositionorcompounding(27%),.,5,5.2Prefixation,ThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfairClass-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege,.,6,5.2Prefixation,TheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:,.,7,5.2Prefixation,1)Negativeprefixes,.,8,5.2Prefixation,OrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSaneRelatedAlignedMature,DisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmature,.,9,5.2Prefixation,2)Reversativeorprivative,.,10,5.2Prefixation,CentralizePlaneInfectZipRegulatePossessPollute,DecentralizeDeplaneDisinfectUnzipDeregulateDispossessDepollute,.,11,5.2Prefixation,3)Pejorativeprefixes,.,12,5.2Prefixation,4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize,.,13,5.2Prefixation,ComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementculture,MinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubculture,.,14,5.2Prefixation,5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude,.,15,5.2Prefixation,6)Locativeprefixes,.,16,5.2Prefixation,ViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastPacificRacialShore,InterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecastTranspacificTransracialForeshore,.,17,5.2Prefixation,7)Prefixesoftimeandorder,.,18,5.2Prefixation,8)Numberprefixes,.,19,5.2Prefixation,LingualLateralPolarDimensional,Unilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensional,.,20,5.2Prefixation,9)Conversionprefixes,.,21,5.2Prefixation,10)Miscellaneousprefixes,.,22,5.3Suffixation,ThedefinitionofsuffixationSuffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.However,theymayalsoaddattachedmeaningtothestem.,.,23,5.3Suffixation,TheclassificationofsuffixesSincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixes,.,24,5.3Suffixation,1)NounsuffixesNounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.Denominalnouns(concreteorabstract)DeverbalnounsDe-adjectivalnounsNounandadjectivesuffixes,.,25,5.3Suffixation,1)Nounsuffixes,.,26,5.3Suffixation,1)Nounsuffixes,.,27,5.3Suffixation,1)Nounsuffixes,.,28,5.3Suffixation,1)Nounsuffixes,.,29,5.3Suffixation,1)Nounsuffixes,.,30,5.3Suffixation,2)AdjectiveSuffixes,.,31,5.3Suffixation,2)AdjectiveSuffixes,.,32,5.3Suffixation,2)AdjectiveSuffixes,.,33,5.3Suffixation,3)AdverbSuffixes,.,34,5.3Suffixation,4)Verbsuffixes,.,35,5.3Suffixation,FalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApology,FalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologize,.,36,5.4Conversion,ThedefinitionofconversionConversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).,.,37,5.4Conversion,MajortypesofconversionNoun-verbconversionVerb-nounconversionAdjective-nounconversion,.,38,5.4Conversion,Noun-verbconversionHeelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd.Problemssnowballedbythehour.Thenewspaperheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.KissingergottheplansandhelicopteredtoCampDavid.,.,39,5.4Conversion,AbuseAdviceHouseUseBeliefGriefShelfmouth,AbuseAdviseHouseUseBelieveGrieveShelveMouth,Changesofpronunciationandspelling,.,40,5.4Conversion,Verb-nounconversionHewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait.Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.Itisagoodbuy.Hetookacloselookatthemachine.doubt,smell,desire,want,attempt,hit,reply,divide,.,41,5.4Conversion,Verb-nounconversionPhrasalverb-nounconversion,.,42,5.4Conversion,ConflictAbstractContrastDecreaseDiscountExportRebel,PermitProgressProtestTransferTransplantSurveyTorment,Shiftofstress,.,43,5.4Conversion,Adjective-nounconversionPartialconversionCompleteconversion,.,44,5.4Conversion,Adjective-nounconversionPartialconversionDenotingaqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson:thedeaf,theblind,thepoor,thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation(endinginsh,-se,-ch):theEnglish,theChinese,theDanish,theScotchDenotingaqualityintheabstract:astrongdislikeforthesentimental,todistinguishthefalseandthetrue,fromthesublimetotheridiculousDenotingasingleperson(convertedfromparticiples):theaccused,thedeceased,thedeserted,thecondemned,.,45,5.4Conversion,Adjective-nounconversionCompleteconversionAnative,twonatives,areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars,hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.Tothemsheisnotabrusquecrazy,butappropriatelypassionate.Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment.,.,46,5.5Compounding,ThedefinitionofcompoundingCompositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.,.,47,5.5Compounding,FormsofcompoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:readingmaterial,hotline,.,48,5.5Compounding,TypesofcompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompounds,.,49,5.5Compounding,NouncompoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis,.,50,5.5Compounding,AdjectivecompoundsWeather-beatenrocks,peacelovingpeople,everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespotinspection,taxfreeproducts,fire-proofdress,.,51,5.5Compounding,VerbcompoundsFormedbyback-formationhouse-keepfromhousekeeperwindowshopfromwindow-shoppingmassproducefrommassproductionhen-peckfromhen-peckedspoon-feedfromspoon-fed.,.,52,5.5Compounding,VerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.,Chapter6Word-FormationII:TheMinorProcesses,6.1Blending6.2Backformation6.3Shortening6.4Analogy,.,54,6.1Blending,ThedefinitionofblendingBlending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword.Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes.,.,55,6.1Blending,Examplesnewscast(newsbroadcast)brunch(breakfastlunch)smog(smokefog)talkathon(talkmarathon)slimnastics(slimgymnastics)videophone(videotelephone),.,56,6.1Blending,sci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawk,sciencefictionhighfidelityworkalcoholicstagnationinflationUnitedCommunicationssituationcomedymotorhoteldovehawk,.,57,6.2Backformation,ThedefinitionofbackformationBack-formation（逆成法）isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasareversederivation.,.,58,6.2Backformation,Exampleseditfromeditorautomatefromautomationenthusefromenthusiasmgloomfromgloomydonatefromdonationbrainwashfrombrainwashingsleep-walkfromsleep-walking,.,59,6.3Shortening,Typesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）1)clippedwords（剪切词）:thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword(usuallyanoun),leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal.,.,60,6.3Shortening,Typesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）2)initialisms（首字母连写词）:atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.,.,61,6.3Shortening,Typesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）3)acronyms（首字母拼音词）:wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.,.,62,6.3Shortening,1)Clippedwordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheliorcopter=helicoptercomfy=comfortable,.,63,6.3Shortening,gymnasiumdormitoryhandkerchiefgasolinekilograminfluenzabusinessparachuterefrigeratortaxicab,gymdormhankyGaskiloflubizchutefridgetaxiorcab,Giveclippingsforthefollowingwords,.,64,6.3Shortening,2)InitialismsIOC=InternationalOlympicCommitteeBBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporationISBN=InternationalStandardBookNumberCAD=computerassisteddesigncm=centimeterTB=tuberculosis,.,65,6.3Shortening,CPUDIYCEOITAISOSIDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m.p.m.,centralprocessingunitDoityourselfChiefExecutiveOfficerInformationtechnologyartificialintelligenceSaveourshipinternationaldirectdialGreenwichMeanTimeveryimportantpersonpostscriptantemeridiempostmeridiem,Writeoutinfullthefollowinginitialisms,.,66,6.3Shortening,3)AcronymsBasic=BeginnersAll-purposeSymbolicInstructionTEFL=teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageUNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationSars=SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome,.,67,6.3Shortening,TOFELROMNATOFIFAAidsradar,TestofEnglishasaforeignlanguagereadonlymemoryTheNorthAtlanticTreatyorganizationFederationInternationaledeFootballAcquiredImmuneDeficiencysyndromeRadiodetectingandranging,Writeoutinfullthefollowingacronyms,.,68,6.4Analogy,Thedefinitionofanalogy（类比）Theprocessbywhichwordsorphrasesarecreatedorre-formedaccordingtotheexistingpatternsinthelanguage,.,69,6.4Analogy,ExamplesMarathon-telethon,talkathonblue-collarworkers-white-collarworkers,gray-collarworkers,pink-collarworkers,gold-collarworkersenvironmentalpollution-visualoreyepollution,noisepollution,culturalpollution,graffitipollutionFirstFamily-FirstLady,FirstDogLandscape-moonscape,marscapeBirdseye-fish-eye,worms-eye,cats-eye,Chapter7Motivation,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation7.3Morphologicalmotivation7.4Semanticmotivation7.5Logicalmotivation7.6MotivationandCulture,.,71,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,Meaning(Concept),Word,Triangleofsignificance（词义三角）,Form,Referent,.,.,72,Meaningasconcept,OgdenandRichardssuggestedamodeltoillustratetheviewofmeaningasconcept.,ThesemantictriangleproposedbyOgdanandRichards,Thought,Referent(theobject),Symbol,(concept),tri:,symbolize,referto,.,73,.,74,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,ThedebateovertheconnectionbetweensoundandmeaningThenaturalistsmaintainthereisanatural/intrinsicconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.TheConventionalists,ontheotherhand,holdthattherelationsbetweensoundandmeaningareconventionalandarbitrary.Themeaningofawordisakindoflinguisticsocialcontract.,.,75,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,Conventionality（约定俗成）Whatsinaname?ThatwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.-Shakespeare:RomeoandJulietWordshavenomeaning,peoplehavemeaningforthem.-EricPartridge,.,76,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,Conventionality树-Chinese木-Japanesearbre-Frenchbaun-Germany,.,77,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,Motivation（理据）Motivationdealswiththeconnectionbetweenname(word-symbol)anditssense(meaning).Itistherelationshipbetweenthewordstructureanditsmeaning.,.,78,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,Non-motivatedandmotivatedFromthepointofviewofmotivation,thegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarenonmotivated,sincetheyareconventional,arbitrarysymbols.However,thereisasmallgroupofwordsthatcanbedescribedasmotivated,thatis,adirectorsomewhatconnectionbetweenthesymbolanditssensecanbereadilyobserved.,.,79,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,ExamplesofmotivationThepigeoncoos.airmail,miniskirt,hopelessacoatofpaintHehasastonyheart.ThequestionwasliketheSphinxsriddletothem.,.,80,7.1ConventionalityandMotivation,TypesofmotivationOnomatopoeicmotivationMorphologicalmotivationSemanticmotivationLogicalmotivationMotivationandCulture,.,81,7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation,Onomatopoeicmotivation（拟声理据）meansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledonomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.Theyshowacloseconnectionbetweensoundandsense.,.,82,7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation,PrimaryonomatopoeiaPrimaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundbysound.Herethesoundistrulyan“echotothesense”.,.,83,7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation,Primaryonomatopoeia,.,84,7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation,SecondaryonomatopoeiaSecondaryonomatopoeiameansthatcertainsoundsandsound-sequencesareassociatedwithcertainsenses.Inotherwords,certainsoundsevokesymbolicconnotations,suggestingparticularsenses.,.,85,7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation,Secondaryonomatopoeia-aresuggests“biglightornoise”Blare,flare,glare,stare-umpsuggests“protuberance”Plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mumpsk-suggests“touchingormovingonthesurfaceSkate,skim,skin,ski,sketch,skidh-suggests“movingwithgreatspeed,force,orviolence”Heavy,haste,hurry,hit,hurl,hammer,hinder,.,86,7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation,Butithastobepointedoutthatonomatopoeicwordsconstituteonlyasmallpartofthevocabulary;someonomatopoeicwordsarenotcompletelymotivatedphoneticallyandareconventionaltoquitealargeextent.Ifyouthrowastoneintowater,thesoundyouhearisbynomeansthesameaswhenyousaysplash.Fliesdonotexactlymakethesoundofbuzz.,.,87,7.3Morphologicalmotivation,Wesaythewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.Thisiscalledmorphologicalmotivation(形态理据）,.,88,7.3Morphologicalmotivation,Derivationalwordsaremorphologicallymotivated.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandthebase,thenonecanimmediatelytellthemeaningoftheword.Compoundswordsmaybemorphologicallymotivatedtoo.Themeaningsofwordslikegood-looking,spaceman,moonscape,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.Onethingworthpointingoutisthatthemorphemes,thecomponentpartsofthesewordsarethemselvesconventional.,.,89,7.4Semanticmotivation,Semanticmotivation（语义理据）referstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.Hereitisthefigurativeusagethatprovidesthesemanticmotivation.,.,90,7.4Semanticmotivation,Examples:Whenwespeakofastonyheartwearecomparingtheheartwithastone.whenwesaythelegofatable,wearecomparingthetableslegwithoneofthelowerlimbsofahumanbeing.,.,91,7.4Semanticmotivation,TypesofsemanticmotivationMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheAnalogy,.,92,7.4Semanticmotivation,MetaphorMetaphor（隐喻）isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.Itisasimilewithoutlikeoras.,.,93,7.4Semanticmotivation,MetaphorTheworldisastage.Aseaoftroubles;atideofpopularapplause.Thecityisajunglewherenobodyissafeafterthedark.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.-BaconOfStudies,.,94,7.4Semanticmotivation,MetonymyMetonymy（借代）isthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes.Thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.,.,95,7.4Semanticmotivation,MetonymyMetonymyusuallyincludesseveralclasses:containerforitscontent,athingcloselyassociatedforanother,toolforthedoerordeed,writerforhisworks,theconcretefortheabstractandsoon.,.,96,7.4Semanticmotivation,MetonymyHeistoofondofbottles.Thehallapplauded.IhaveneverreadLiBai.Thepenismightierthanthesword.Hesucceededtothecrown.UncleSam;thePentagon;Hollywood;theWhiteHouse;Beijing,.,97,7.4Semanticmotivation,SynecdocheSynecdoche（提喻）meansusingapartforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathing,orviceversa,thewholeforapart.,.,98,7.4Semanticmotivation,SynecdocheThereareabout500handsworkinginthisfactory.Thisnewspaperandprobablythecountrywillwaititstimeandseehowthenewfacesperformbeforejudgingthem.Thebirdssingtowelcomethesmilingyear.ToearnonesbreadHeisaclevercreature.,.,99,7.4Semanticmotivation,AnalogyAnalogy（类比）isaprocesswherebywordsorphrasesarecreatedinimitationofexistingpatternsinthelanguage.Themotivationisthatthemeaningorsenseofthecreatedwordsharessimilaritywiththeexistinglanguagepattern.,.,100,7.4Semanticmotivation,AnalogyColor:blacklist-whitelist,graylist;blue-colorworkers-white-collarworkers,gray-collarworkers,pink-collarworkers,andgold-collarworkersNumber:theFirstWorld-theSecondWorld,theThirdworld,theFourthWorldPlaceandspace:landscape-moonscape,marscape;sunrise-earthrise;spaceman-earthman,moonman,.,101,7.4Semanticmotivation,AnalogySimilarity:missilegap-generationgap,developmentgap,incomegap,credibilitygapAntonym:hotline-coldline;babyboom-babybust;nightmare-daymare;cold-war-hotwar;high-rise-low-rise,.,102,7.5Logicalmotivation,Logicalmotivation（逻辑理据）dealswiththeproblemofdefiningaconceptbymeansoflogic.Itmeans,first,identifytheconceptofagenus（种概念）,second,toidentifytheattributesdistinguishingonespecies（属差）fromothersimilarspeciesinthesamegenus.,.,103,7.5Logicalmotivation,CompoundscombiningspeciesandgenusCrisis-economicalcrisis,financialcrisis,spiritualcrisis,ecologicalcrisis,creditcrisis,militarycrisis,identitycrisisRelations-internationalrelations,businessrelations,diplomaticrelations,bilateralrelations,.,104,7.5Logicalmotivation,ClippedcompoundsbyshorteningspeciesorgenusdrugfromnarcoticorhallucinogenicdrugHeisaddictedtodrugspillfrombirthcontrolpillTheHillfromtheCapitolHillNobelfromNobelPrize,.,105,7.6MotivationandCulture,RelationMotivationi