太原理工大学矿业工程学院科技英语一-1-3-科技英语的特点

1.3科技英语中的一些常用句型,1,1,1,一、make+名词+形容词,这样会使问题变得容易些.Thismakestheproblemeasy/easier.这样能使金属更硬些.Thismakesthemetalharder/hard.hardens这样能使金属变长。Thismakesthemetallonger.=Thislengthensthemetal.,make+名词+形容词,这样能使螺栓更紧些。Thismakesthescrewtighter.=Thistightensthescrew.这样能使洞更深些.Thismakestheholedeeper.=Thisdeepensthehole.,二、enable,allow,make+不定式,Enable,allow,make,cause,permitSafetyvalvesallow/permitthesteamtoescape.安全阀能使蒸气（从锅炉中）排出好的生产方法能使工厂生产更多的汽车。Goodproductionmethodsenablethefactorytomanufacturemorecars.显微镜能使科学家们观测非常小的物体。Amicroscopeenablesthescientiststoexamineverysmallobjects.,enable,allow,make+不定式,enable,allow,make,cause,permit温度计能使医生（为病人）测体温。Athermometerenablesthedoctortomeasurebodytemperature.伸缩接头能使管子延长或缩短。Expansionjointsallow/permitthepipestoexpandorcontract.安全阀能使蒸气（从锅炉中）排出。Safetyvalvesallow/permitthesteamtoescape.,enable,allow,make+不定式,热使金属熔化。Theheatcausedthemetaltomelt.=Theheatmakesthemetalmelt.火车速度太快，使其在弯道处出轨了。Thespeedofthetraincausedittoleavetherailsonthecurve.=Thespeedofthetrainmadeitleavetherailsonthecurve.,三、Itis+形容词+不定式,It,iswasseemsappearsprovesbecomes,easy,todosth.,+,+,+,Itis,possibleimpossible,todosth.,+,+,Itis,necessaryunnecessary,todosth.,+,+,Itis+形容词+不定式,common,Itis,usualunusual,todosth.,+,+,Itis,todosth.,+,+,Itis,usefuluseless,todosth.,+,+,这些形容词都是带有主观评价色彩的，如：easy，possible/impossible，useful/useless，necessary/unnecessary，usual/unusual,四、Itis+形容词+that,Itisevidentthatthesecurrentswillgenerateheatinthecoreofthemagnet.,Itislikelythateddycurrentswillbeproducedinthecoreofthemagnet.,obviousclear,possible,that引出一个主语从句，it是无人称主语,例：显然，这些电流会使磁铁中心产生热。,例：在磁铁中心很可能会产生涡流电流。,Itis+动词+that,Itshouldbenotedthatthisenergycannotbedestroyed,onlychangedintootherforms.,realized,Itisassumedthatthegastemperatureinthecylinderisconstant.,例：需要注意/明白的是，这种能量是不能消失的，只能转化成其它形式。,例：假定气缸中气体温度为定值。,Itisdecidedthattheproductionshouldbegininafewmonths.,Itis+动词/形容词+that,Itisdesirablethatthesecurrentsshouldbeeliminatedasfaraspossible.,essential,arrangedplanned,例：最好尽可能地把这些电流除掉。,例：已经决定在几个月内开始生产。,Itisknownthat,proved,例：已知，众所周知，据证，,Itshouldbenotedthat,will,例：应当注意到/应该看到/应当知道，,realizednoticedappreciated,Itcanbeshownthat,例：可以证明，,proveddemonstrated,五、句末+ing子句,连接两个陈述句的一种方法同and的意思一样；相当于since的意思，进一步解释；说明第一句话的后果或时间的接续。,例：Thestartermotorisswitchedoff,theengineacceleratingunderitsownpower.,关闭启动马达，发动机依靠它自己的动力加速。,例：Thenormaltypeofcrankshaftisused,theupperpistonsbeingoperatedbycrossheads.,使用标准曲（柄）轴，上活塞便由十字头操作。,and,and,句末+ing子句,例：Theprotonistheoppositeoftheelectron,beingaparticleofpositiveelectricity.,质子与电子性质相反，它是一种带正电的离子。,例：Mercuryismostcommonlyusedinthermometers,havingaconstantcoefficientofexpansion.,由于水银的膨胀系数是常数，它常常用于温度计中。,since,since,通常可以在第二个句子（子句）前加一个词，thus或thereby,说明第一句话的后果,例：Therivetcontractsasitcools,drawingtheplatestogether.,铆钉冷却收缩时，便把钢板禁固在一起。,例：Therivetcontractsasitcools,therebydrawingtheplatestogether.,六、引出问题的几种方法,用“Itisnecessaryto”Itisnecessarytodeterminewhetherthoseresultsarecorrect.用“asto”引出Adecisionshouldbetakenastowhichdataiscorrect.Researchisgoingonastohowtheindustrialpollutioncanbecontrolled.用“Itisdoubtful/notclear/unknownhow”引出Itisdoubtfulhowaccuratetheseresultsare.或Itisnotclearhowaccuratetheseresultsare.,引出问题的几种方法,用“dependonwhat/how”引出Theprogressoftheprojectwilldependonwhattheweatherconditionsarelike.Theprogressoftheprojectwilldependonhowefficienttheorganizationis.用“accordingtowhat/how”引出Thetypeofpumpusedwillvaryaccordingtowhattypeofliquidisbeingpumped.Thetypeofpumpusedwillvaryaccordingtohowmuchliquidisbeingpumped.,2,七、定义句型（definition）,用定义说明某物、某现象的形体特征、结构特点、用途或功能，从而区别于其他事物和现象AGeigercounterisadevicewhichmeasuresradiation.Anequilateralfigureisaplanefigurewithallsidesequalinlength.Anacidisacompoundwhichneutralizesasolutionofsodiumhydroxide,suchassulfuricacidornitricacid.酸，例如硫酸或硝酸，是能够中和氢氧化钠溶液的化合物。,定义的分类,通用定义特指定义扩展定义,通用定义,Anengineerisapersonwhodesignsmachines,buildingsorpublicworks.Aluminium（铝）isawhitemetalwhichislight,weak,andresistanttocorrosion.Liquidsarestatesofmatterwithconstantvolumebutvariableshape.Adentistisadoctorwhotakescareofpeoplesteeth.Aknifeisatoolusedforcutting.Alibraryisaroomoraseriesofroomscontainingalargenumberofbooks.Carbonisanelementwithanatomicweightof12.01.,通用定义公式,Axisa通用分类词+,Whichisv.+edv.+edWith+名词短语v.+ing或forv.+ingPrep.+whichWiththepropertyofv.+ing,Aluminium（铝）isawhitemetalwhichislight,weak,andresistanttocorrosion.,Aknifeisatoolusedforcutting.,Carbonisanelementwithanatomicweightof12.01.,Alibraryisaroomoraseriesofroomscontainingalargenumberofbooks.,特指定义,Asawisatoolwithtoothededge,usedforcuttingthings.,Akey-holesawisasawwithanarrowblade,usedforcuttingholesinwood.,通用定义,特指定义,特指定义的特点,被定义事物是特指的，带有限定语.分类词往往是重复被定义事物的中心词，不是通用分类词.Is后的名词带有修饰语.,Athermometerisaninstrumenttomeasuretemperature.,Analcoholthermometerisathermometerusedprincipallyformeasuringtemperaturebelowfreezingpointofmercury.,通用定义,特指定义,扩展定义,Aluminiumisametalwhichislightinweight.Consequently,itiswidelyusedforthemanufactureofaircraft.Amatchboxisasmallcontainerusedforholdingmatchsticks.Itconsistsoftwomainparts:theboxitselfandaroughstrikingsurface.,扩展定义,由通用定义通过例证、对比、对照、或说明扩展而成，也称段落定义,扩展定义,通用定义+例证通用定义+用途通用定义+主要组成部分,.Commonexamplesare.Typicalexamplesare,suchas,.Therefore,.Consequently,.Asaresult,.Itisused.Oneofitsmainusesis,.Itconsistsof+mainparts.Itsmaincomponentsare,twothreethese,扩展定义,Phosphateisamineralwhichisanessentialelementishigh-yieldingsoil.Therefore,itisusedasafertilizer.Arazor（剃刀）isaextremelysharpcuttinginstrumentusedforshaving.Itconsistsoftwomainparts:theblade,orcuttingedge,andahandle.,练习：说明下列各定义的类型，并译成汉语：,1、Anequationisamathematicalexpressioninwhichthetwosidesbalance,suchas1=2-1and52=25.2、Acigarettelighterisadeviceforignitingcigarettes.Itconsistsofthreemainparts:thehousing,theflint,andthelighterfluid.3、Copperisametalwhichisagoodconductorofelectricity.Asaresult,itiswidelyusedintheelectricalindustry.,特指定义,扩展定义组成,扩展定义用途,4、Sedime