太原理工大学矿业工程学院科技英语一-1-2-科技英语的特点

1.2科技英语的特殊语法现象,五、关于动作主体的问题六、命令句的用法七、by,with的用法八、关于“名词+名词”的问题九、很少用“s”表示所有十、定语从句中与which、when连用的介词位置,一、关于begoingto表示未来的问题二、will,can,may的用法三、无人称被动句的用法四、should的用法,特殊语法现象,十一、关于if子句的问题十二、从句的紧缩式十三、完成时的用法十四、as的用法,十五、suchthat,suchasto的用法十六、关于抽象名词的用法十七、动词+后缀当形容词十八、常用的前缀十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词+副词”,一、很少用begoingto表示未来,科技英语中很少用begoingto表示将来。,ThenewaircraftisgoingtoflyforthefirsttimeonMonday.,ThenewaircraftwillflyforthefirsttimeonMonday.,这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。,二、will,can,may的用法,Thenewmotorwaywillhavethreetrafficlanesineachdirection。,Productionofthenewmachinewillcommencenextyear.,明年开始生产这种新机器。,新高速公路的两侧各有三条相反方向的交通线。,表示纯粹未来用will,（1）,二、will,can,may的用法,Theseplaneswillflyat,这几架飞机的飞行速度可达到每小时800英里。,表示能力用will,can,capable,和beableto,（2）,canflyarecapableofflyingareabletofly,800milesperhour.,二、will,can,may的用法,Thissolidwillvaporizewhenweheatit.,Frictionwillcausethebearingstobecomeheated.,摩擦会使轴承变热。,当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化。,表示经常发生的事用will,（3）,will,can,may的用法,MetalwhichcoolsrapidlyUnguardedbeltsorchainsThetestingofnewmachines,maycan,causefracture.causeaccidents.takealongtime.,表示有时发生的事用may,can,（4）,二、will,can,may的用法,Wecaneasilycalculatethefrictionlosses.,Workonthenewenginecanstartinafewweeks.,几周内可以开始这种新型发动机的工作。,我们可以很容易的算出摩擦损耗。,表示能够用can,（5）,will,can,may的用法,ThisproblemLow-speedbearingsThesteelThermo-couples,maybecanbe,approachedinseveralways.lubricatedwithgrease.quenchedineitherwateroroil.usedtomeasurehightemperatures.,表示可能性用may,can,（6）,三、无人称被动句的用法,Thedriverstartstheengine.,Theengineisstarted.,（司机）开动发动机。,Heweldedtheplatestogether.,Theplatesareweldedtogether.,把钢板焊接在一起。,Thefurnacesmeltstheore.,Theoreissmeltedinthefurnace.,高炉熔化矿石。,三、无人称被动句的用法,Themansharpenedhistool.,Histoolwassharpened.,那人磨尖了它的工具。,Wemustlubricatebearings.,Bearingsmustbelubricated.,（我们）必须润滑轴承。,Alathecancutscrews.,Screwscanbecutonalathe.,车床能加工螺丝。,或,三、无人称被动句的用法,Attentionshouldbepaidnottodamagethemachine.,（操作者）应当注意不要损坏了机器。,Theheatinthecenteroftheearthisbeingmadeuseofinsomecountries.,在某些国家，人们利用地球中心的热。,Useisbeingmadeoftheheatinthecenteroftheearthinsomecountries.,四、should的用法,Safetyprecautionsshouldbeobseredatalltime.,Thesemachinesshouldbehandledwithgreatcare.,这些机器应当小心操作。,任何时候都应注意z安全措施。,表示“告诫”,（1）,Theresultsoftheexperimentshouldbeplottedonagraph.,应将实验结果绘在图表上。,四、should的用法,Carboncontentinsteelshouldnotbemorethan0.5%.,Thesteelshouldnotcontainmorethan0.5%ofcarbon.,钢里的含炭量不应超过0.5%。,说明某一情况,（2）,Themaximuminternaldiametershouldbe40thousandthsofaninch.,最大内径应为40/1000英寸。,或,四、should的用法,Thisbuildingshouldbecompletedbytheendofnextyear.,Theprocessofcoolingshouldcontinueforseveralhours.,冷却过程要延续好几个小时。,这座大楼应在明年年底前竣工。,表示“期待”,（3）,五、关于动作主体的问题,动作主体是人时，句末不用by短语；动作主体不是人时，句末应用by短语；动作主体为人，但省去影响句子的意思时，应加by短语。,2,Agriculturecannotbedevelopedwithoutsufficientwater.,Explosioniscaused,动作主体,没有足够的水就无法发展农业。,爆炸石油燃料与空气中的氧迅速化合而引起的。,动作主体是人，不用by,动作主体不是人，用by,combinationofthefuelswiththeoxygenintheair.,bytherapid,Threemachinescanbecontrolled,Allresponsibilityfortheaccidentmustbeaccepted,动作主体,一个操作者可以同时控制三台机器。,设计者应承担产生事故的一切责任。,bythedesigner.,byasingleoperator.,强调动作主体，用by,六、命令句的用法,表示无人称指令,AllowLetTake祈使句动词开头,Should命令句,e.g.WatershouldbeheatedbeforeThebearingshouldbelubricatedbefore,命令句,Letmeby!让我过去！Letitalone!别管它！Lethimbe!别打扰他！,日常英语,将轮胎里的气放掉！,科技英语,Lettheairoutofthetire！,把瓶子里的水倒出来。,Letthewateroutofthebottle.,每十分钟测一次温度！,Takethetemperatureeverytenminutes.,假设X等于每分钟的转数。,LetXequalthenumberofrevolutionsperminute.,记下水面位置。,Takethewaterlevel.,让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。,Allowthewatertocoolfortenminutesandthentakethetemperature.,计算出将产生的膨胀量。,Calculatetheamountofexpansionwhichwilltakeplace.,Fillatest-tubehalffullofwaterandheatitnearlytoboilingpoint.Supportthetubeonastandandallowittocool.Takethetemperatureeveryminute.Stircarefullywithaglassrod.Recordthereadingyouobtain,andplotthemonagraphoftemperatureagainsttime.Repeatthiswithatubehalf-fullofcrystals.Allowthesolidtomelt.Heattheliquidto100oC,fixthetubeonthestandandallowittocool.Recordtheresultsasbeforeandplotthem.,采用被动语态是另一种描述实验过程的表达方法,七、by,with的用法,by,bymeansof,用耐火砖可以减少热损耗。,Heatlossescanbereducedbyfirebricks.,Heatlossescanbereducedbyliningthefurnacewithfirebricks.,Theheatlossreductioncanbeachievedbymeansoffirebricks.,with,withthehelpof,By和with,Bymeansof后面不能跟动名词短语。,Heatlossescanbereducedbymeansofliningthefurnacewithfirebricks.,Heatlossescanbereducedbymeansoffirebricks.,Thenecessaryheatforthecarbon-steamandcarbon-carbondioxidereactionsiscommonlygeneratedbyburningpartofthecarboninthegasifier.,碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需的热量通常靠在气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供.,传动装置上通常有安全销，防止过载。,Thedriveunitsarenormallyequippedwithshearpinsforoverloadprotection.,Thereby=bymeansofthis由此,Thatpartofthesteamnearesttothewallsiscooledandcondensesasafilmofwater.Thevolumeofsteaminthecylinderistherebyconsiderablyreduced.,八、关于“名词+名词”的问题,表示原材料表示典型成分表示工作介质,anironpipe=apipemadeofiron,oilproduct=productsmadeofoil,manganesesteel=steelwhichcontainsmanganese,asteamengine=anengineworkedbysteam,表示工作对象,anaircompressor=adeviceforcompressingair,表示用途表示方式表示所属表示关于表示形状,adrivemotor,=amotorfordrivingmachines,afootbrake,=abrakeoperatedbyfoot,=moleculesofwater,theproductioncost,watermolecules,=thecostconcerningproduction,astarwheel,=awheelshapedlikeastar,ashcontent,surfaceproperty,mineralmatter,rateconstant,nitrogendioxide,experimentresults,adsorptionmechanism,moisturecontent,airpressure,diamondinsert,名词组合,多个名词组合,satellitecommunicationtechniques,卫星通讯技术,Fluidpowerdrivecomponents,液力驱动元件,Firetubeboilerinspectiondoor,火管锅炉监察门,九、很少用“s”表示所有,s一般表示生命体的所有，如：,Maryswatchmyuncleshousethecatsfood,科技英语中用“名词+of+名词”或“名词+名词”,thepropertyofmineralsmineralpropertythesurfaceoftheearth,地心引力Gravitationalpulloftheearth非theearthsgravitationalpull月球表面Thesurfaceofthemoon汽车的最大速度Themaximumspeedofthecar非thecarsmaximumspeed,为方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式等命名，需特别注意,欧姆定律ohmslaw牛顿定律New-tonsLaw波尔曼技术Bollmanstechnique,一个人发现者,华氏温度计aFahrenheitthermometer本生灯aBunhrenheitburner,一个人发明者,施特芬-波兹曼定律theStofan-BoltzmanLaw尤利-汤普森反应theJoule-Thompsoneffect,两个或两个以上人用复合结构,十、定语从句中与which、whom连用的介词位置,Jetengineswithwhichmostmodernhigh-speedaircraftareequippeddevelopthrustonthesameprincipleasthepropellersofconventionalaero-engines.当代飞机上都使用喷气式发动机，这种发动机可以产生一种推动力，其原理与普通的螺旋桨飞机发动机相同。,介词放在引导词前面,十一、从句的紧缩式,当主句与从句是同一主语时，用“连词+过去分词”，或介词+抽象名词。例：,1.物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。,Whenanobjectisplacedinthesun,itbecomeshot.,Anobjectbecomeshotwhenitisplacedinthesun.,Anobjectbecomeshotwhenplacedinthesun.,2.安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。,Safetymatcheslightonlywhentheyarestricken.,Safetymatcheslightonlywhenstricken.,3.当光线聚集在一点时，会产生大量的热。,Whenlightisconvergedatapoint,itwouldproducelargequantityofheat.,Whenconvergedatapoint,thelightwouldproducelargequantityofheat.,介词+抽象名词，例：,4.Considerablelateralpressureisexertedbytheconcretewhileitisbeingcompacted.,在压模时，混凝土产生较大的侧压力。,Considerablelateralpressureisexertedbytheconcreteduringcompaction.,compact,compaction,5.afteritisseparated,afterseparation,连词+形容词，例：,6.Whennecessary,必要时,Once,Ifpossible,有可能的话,一旦,While,当时,小结：可用紧缩式的连词或介词有：When,while,once,if,as,after,during等,十二、抽象名词的用法,抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词,1.v.n.,consume,separate,emit,produce,apply,communicate,grow,transmit,install.,consumption,separation,emission,production,application,communication,growth,transmission,installation,抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词,2.a.n.,responsibleaccurateefficient,responsibilityaccuracyefficiency,emitemission,transmittransmission,consumeconsumption,1.一年四季的日常用水量不同。,Thedailyconsumptionofwatervarieswiththeseason.,2.送电时广泛使用变压器。,Transformersarewidelyusedinthetransmissionofelectricalpower.,3.原子裂变能放出中子。,Nuclearfissionresultsintheemissionofneutrons.,installinstallation,specifyspecification,4.厂家负责安装这种新设备。,Theinstallationofthenewequipmentistheresponsibilityofthemanufactures.,5.所有有关的资料均应在规格中详细说明。,Alltherelevantinformationshouldbedetailedinthespecification.,6.用这种方法试验机器需要消耗电力。,Ifmachinesaretestedbythismethod,therewillbesomelossofpower.,Thetestingofmachinesbythismethodentailssomelossofpower。,7.用泵能抽取油箱中的油。,Thecontentsofthetankaredischargedbyapump.,Dischargeofthecontentsofthetankisperformedbyapump.,用抽象名词或动名词代替动词,test,testing,discharge,discharge,8.有必要检查一下这些结果是否准确。,Itisnecessarytoexaminewhethertheseresultsareaccurate.,Itisnecessarytoexaminetheaccuracyoftheseresults。,9.需要有关哪种燃料最合适的情报。,Informationisneededastowhichtypeoffuelismostsuitable.,Informationisneededastothemostsuitabletypeoffuel.,用抽象名词或动名词代替从句,10.不清楚这些结果有多么准确。,Itisdoubtfulhowaccuratetheresultsare.,Theaccuracyoftheresultsisdoubtful.,11.工作的进展取决于这个机构的效率如何。,Theprogressoftheworkwilldependonhowefficienttheorganizationis.,TheProgressoftheworkwilldependontheefficiencyoftheorganization.,非谓语动词,抽象名词,定语从句中介词的位置,should,被动语态,Incoalflotation,particlesofdifferentcomponentsofthecoalsuchasmaceralgroupsandmineralmatterandtheirassociationshavedifferenthydrophobicitiesandthereforedifferentflotationresponses.Byusinganewcoalgrainanalysismethodforcharacterisingindividualgrains,moredetailedflotationperformanceanalysisandmodellingapproacheshavebeendeveloped.Themethodinvolvestheuseofmicroscopicimagingtechniquestoobtainestimatesofsize,compositionalanddensityinformationonindividualgrainsoffinecoal.Thedensityandcompositionpartitioningofcoalprocessedthroughdifferentflotationsystemsprovidesanavenuetopinpointtheactualcauseofpoorprocessperformancesothatcorrectiveactionmaybeinitiated.,作业：1、找出文中的逻辑语法词；2、标出文中出现的语法点。,Theinformationongrainsize,densityandcompositionisbeingusedasinputdatatodevelopmoredetailedflotationprocessmodelstoprovidebetterpredictionsofprocessperformanceforbothmechanicalandcolumnflotationdevices.Anumberofapproachesmaybetakentoflotationmodellingsuchastheprobabilityapproachandthekineticmodelapproachoracombinationofthetwo.Intheworkreportedhere,asimpleprobabilityapproachhasbeentaken,whichwillbefurtherrefinedinduecourse.Theuseofgraindatatomaptheresponsesofdifferenttypesofcoalgrainsthroughvariousfinecoalcleaningprocessesprovidedamoreadvanceddiagnosticcapabilityforfinecoalcleaningcircuits.Thisenabledflotationperformancecurvesanalogoustopartitioncurvesfordensityseparatorstobeproducedforflotationdevices.,十三、as的用法,“认为”“称为”“表述为”“定义为”“看成是”“作为”“当作”,1.Thistypeofmotorisknownasaninductionmotor.,这种发电机称为感应发电机。,2.Electriccurrentmaybeconsideredasaflowofelectronsthroughamedium.,电流可看成是穿过介质内的一股电子流。,3.Thesematerialsmaybeclassifiedasconductors.,这些材料可以归在导体类。,“以的形式（或形态）”,4.Thesteamiscooledandcondensedasafilmofwater.,蒸汽冷凝成一层水膜。,5.Thecarbonincastironispresentpartlyasfreegraphite.,铸铁中的碳部分以自由石墨的形式存在。,“正如”、“如”、“如图”、“如上”、“如前”,6.AsFig.1.2showsAswehavejustprovedAswehavestatedinthepreviouschapter,AsisshownintheillustrationAsisknowAswasmentionedashorttimeago,AsshowninthetableAspointedoutbyprofessorSmith,AsaboveAsbefore,as+主动句,as+被动句,as+过去分词,as+其它词,as不翻译出来,7.Thebridge,asoriginallyplanned,wouldhavebeentooexpensive.,原来设计的那座桥造价太贵。,8.Theuranium,asusedinthereactor,istheformofathinrod.,在反应堆中用的铀是一种细棒。,as不翻译出来,因此,as+such,9.Theearthisaconductorofelectricityandassuchitmayformpartofanelectricalcircuit.,地球是一种导体，因此就可能形成部分电路。,10.Asimplegovernorisdependentongravityassuchitmustbekeptvertical.,一个简单的调速器是依靠重力工作的，因此必须将其竖立放置。,因此,普通英语中,十四、suchthat,suchasto,1.Herexcitementwassuchthatsheshouted.,她兴奋地叫起来。,2.Itwassuchalovelydaythateverybodywasfeelinghappyandcheerful.,那是一个如此美好的日子，人人都感到快乐高兴。,如此以至于,3.Hisillnesswasnotsuchastocauseanxiety.,他的病还没严重到令人忧虑的地步。,4.Iamnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.,科技英语中,1.Thesizeoftheflow-meterissuchthattheflowisunaffectedbyit.,流量计的大小是这样设计的，即它不影响流速。,或Thesizeoftheflow-meterissuchastohavenoeffectontheflow.,2.Thejobissuchthatitdemandsthegreatestskill.,不翻译出来,这是一项需要高度技艺的工作。,或Thejobissuchastodemandthegreatestskill.,是这样的，这种意思,十五、完成时的用法,多以被动语态出现描述已经发生的事，时间不明确；描述不断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事；表示“还未”、“自从一直”等；表示“最近”,描述已经发生的事，时间不明确,1.高速公路系统的建设工作已开始。,Workhasbeenstartedonthenewsystemofmotorways.,2.研究中用了几种来自不同地方的样品。,Samplesfromdifferentsourceshavebeenusedinthisresearch.,3.研究表明吸烟和肺癌之间有一定的关系。,Researchhasshownaprobableconnectionbetweensmokingandlungcancer.,描述不断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事,4.工程师们遇到许多有关这种材料的问题。,Engineershaveencounteredmanyproblemswiththismaterial.,5.Thepyrite/aqueousinteractionhasbeenstudiedextensivelyinthepastdueitsimportanceinextractivemetallurgy.,由于黄铁矿与水溶液的相互作用在提取冶金中很重要，人们对它进行了大量的研究。,表示“还未”、“自从一直”,6.这项工程的设计工作还未开始。,Designontheprojecthasnotbeenstartedyet.,7.自从1980年以来一直在进行高速公路的建设。,Workonthemotorwayhasbeengoingonsince1980.,表示“最近”,8.这家公司最近研制出来一种新型的飞机。,Thecompanyhasjustdevelopedanewtypeofaircraft.,9.由于天气不好，高速公路的建设最近暂停了。,Workonthemotorwayhasrecentlybeenheldupowingtobadweather.,十六、动词+后缀当形容词,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,machinablesteel,可加工的钢铁,-able,-ible,-uble,“可以”，“可的”,Noticeableeffect,明显的效果,Controllableeffect,可控制的反应,Negligibleamount,可忽略的数量，一点点,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,Heatedmetal,加热的金属,-ed,“被的”，“被过的”，“经过的”,Corrodediron,生锈的铁,Emittedrays,放射线,treated,处理过的,Effectiveremedy,有效的医药,-ive,表示性质、特点等,Reactiveforce,反作用力,Relativemotion,相对运动,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,Absorbentmaterial,吸附剂，吸附型材料,-ant,-ent,表示性能等,Absorbentcharcoal,活性炭,Absorbentpaper,吸水纸,Absorbentcotton,吸水棉花，脱脂棉,Conductingmedium,传导介质,-ing,表示性质、作用等,Lubricatingoil,润滑油,Attendantclaim,附带要求,Attendantphenomenon,伴生现象,十七、常用的前缀,前缀：inter-,en-,em-,re-,over-,under-,dis-,de-,im-,sub-,super-,counter-,interact,相互作用,Inter-,“在之间”,interconnect,互联,interweave,交织,interwind,互相盘绕,interwork,互相配合,reuse,重用，再用,re-,“重新”、“再”,recharge,再充电，再装料,recreate,再生,regrind,再磨,regroup,重组,recarbonize,再碳化,recall,取回，检索，二次呼叫,前缀：over-,under-,overload,超载，超负荷,over-,“在上”，“过于的”,overall,全部，总的,overhead,架空，高架的,overweight,超重,overgrow,蔓生,undercurrent,低电流,under-,“在下”、“太少”,underground,地下的,undercapitalize,投资紧缩,underlay,从下面支撑,undersize,过小,undersea,海底，水下,underload,负载不足,overseas,海外,overmany,过多,overheat,过热,overwind,上卷式,overtemperature,过热温度,underclass,经济最底层,前缀：dis-,de-,im-,in-,ir-,un-,disadjust,失调,dis-表示反义,de-“使不”“脱”“退”,disjoi