Unit_9_Mark_Twain-Mirror_of_America.ppt

AdvancedEnglish,BookIUnitNineMarkTwain-MirrorofAmericaNoelGrove,LessonNineMarkTwainMirrorofAmerica,AdvancedEnglish,I.TeachingObjectives,GettoknowMarkTwainslifeexperienceandhisremarkableworksIdentifyandappreciaterhetoricdevicesaptlyemployedinthetextLearntowritetheelliptical,short,loosesentencesandthecompound-complexsentencestoachievecertaineffectToacquaintstudentswiththewritingofbiography.,II.TeachingTasks,1.Pre-readingquestions2.Backgroundknowledge3.Typeofliterature4.Macro-structureofthetext5.DetailedStudyofthetext6.Rhetoricdevices7.Follow-updiscussion8.ExerciseandHomework,MarkTwain:SamuelLanghorneClemens(1835-1910).twofathomsdeep.HisLifeTrampprinterRiverpilotGuerrillaProspectorReporterCorrespondentWriter,AdvancedEnglish,1.Pre-readingquestions,Howdoyouunderstandthetitle?MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica,MirrorofAmerica“Mirror”-Isapieceofglassorothershinny/polishedsurfacethatreflectsimages.Here,itisametaphor.Itmeansafaithfulrepresentationordescriptionofsomething(thecountry).WhydoestheauthorsaythatMarkTwainisthemirrorofAmerica?,AdvancedEnglish,MarkTwain:SamuelLanghorneClemens(1835-1910).twofathomsdeep.HisLife_HistoricEventsofUSATrampprinter-ProsperousRiverpilot-MississippiRiverTranscontinentalRailroadsGuerrilla-TheCivilWarProspector-GoldRushReporter-WestwardExpansionCorrespondent-Europe,theHolyLandWriter-TomSawyersinnocenceHuckFinnsexperience,AdvancedEnglish,TheassertionthatMarkTwainisthemirrorofAmericaismadeintwosenses.MarkTwainsexciting,adventuresomelifestoriesthemselvesmirrorapartoftrueAmericanhistory,andthelifeofordinaryAmericanpeople.Second,hislifeexperiencefurnishedhimwithawideknowledgeofhumanity,aswellaswiththeperfectgraspoflocalcustomsandspeech,whichMarkTwainhasmanifestedsowellinhiswriting.Hisworksmirrortherealsocietyofhistime.,AdvancedEnglish,MarkTwainisapartofAmerica.HispersonalsuccessandfailurewerethoseofAmerica.Asaman,hegrewupwithAmericaasacountry(ayoungcountry)Asawriter,hegrewupwithAmerica,movedalongwithAmerica,frominnocencetoexperience.,TomSawyer,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876),ThenovelrepresentsTwainsfirstmajoruseofmemoriesofhischildhood.TwainmodeledSt.Petersburg-thehomeofanimaginativeboynamedTomSawyer,hisfriendHuckFinn,andtheevilInjunJoe-afterhishometownofHannibal.,LifeontheMississippi(1883),LifeontheMississippi(1883)describesthehistory,sights,people,andlegendsofthesteamboatsandtownsoftheMississippiRiverregion.Inthemostvividpassages,chapters4through17,Twainrecalledhisownpilotingdays.ThesechaptershadoriginallybeenpublishedintheAtlanticMonthlyin1875asOldTimesontheMississippi.,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,generallyconsideredTwainsgreatestwork,waspublishedinGreatBritainin1884andintheUnitedStatesin1885.Twainhadbegunthebookin1876asasequeltoTomSawyer.Itdescribestheadventuresoftworunaways-theboyHuckFinnandtheblackslaveJim-andistoldfromthepointofviewofHuckhimself.Twainusedrealisticlanguageinthenovel,makingHucksspeechsoundlikeactualconversationandimitatingavarietyofdialectstobringtheothercharacterstolife.TomSawyeralsoreappearsincertainchapters,andhisantics(mischievousbehavior)providethefamiliarhumorforwhichTwainwasknown.,ContributionOneofhisgreatestaccomplishmentswasthedevelopmentofawritingstylethatwasdistinctlyAmerican,ratherthananimitationofthestyleofEnglishwriters.TwainmadeamoreextensivecombinationofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliteraturethanpreviouswritershaddone.(localcolorism,adominantfashionfrom1860s1900s)Thelooserhythmsofthelanguageinhisbooksgivetheimpressionofrealspeech.TwainsrealisticprosestylehasinfluencednumerousAmericanwriters.,.AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwaincalledHuckleberryFinn.Therewasnothingbefore.Therehasbeennothingasgoodsince.-ErnestHemingway,AdvancedEnglish,PartOne,MarkTwainDeath,MarkTwaindiedonApril21,1910inRedding,Connecticutofanginapectoris.UponhearingofTwainsdeath,PresidentTaftsaid,MarkTwaingavepleasure-realintellectualenjoyment-tomillions,andhisworkswillcontinuetogivesuchpleasuretomillionsyettocome.HishumorwasAmerican,buthewasnearlyasmuchappreciatedbyEnglishmenandpeopleofothercountriesasbyhisowncountrymen.HehasmadeanenduringpartofAmericanliterature.,TheholypassionofFriendshipisofsosweetandsteadyandloyalandenduringanaturethatitwilllastthroughawholelifetime,ifnotaskedtolendmoney.“Itisnobletobegood;itisstillnoblertoteachotherstobegood-andlesstrouble.,Becarefulaboutreadinghealthbooks.Youmaydieofamisprint.,GodKnowsWhereOnenightagroupofMarkTwainsfriendsinNewYork,havingrecognizedthedateasthatofhisbirth,decidedtosendhimasuitablegreeting.Unfortunately,theglobe-trottingtravelerwasawayandnooneknewwherehemightbereached.Aftersomedeliberation,aletterwassimplysentoffwiththeaddress:MarkTwain,GodKnowsWhere.SeveralweekslateraletterarrivedfromTwain:Hedid.,MarkTwainscigarsmokingwasaconstantsourceofirritationtohiswife,Oliviaandtomanyofhisfriends.ThenovelistWilliamDeanHowellsoncerecalledthatwheneverhehadbeenafewdayswithus,thewholehousehadtobeaired,forhesmokedalloveritfrombreakfasttobedtime.Healwayswenttobedwithacigarinhismouth,andsometimes,mindfulofmyfireinsurance,Iwentupandtookitaway,stillburning,afterhehadfallenasleep.Ononeoccasion,Twainansweredthesecomplaintsbyclaimingonlytosmokeinmoderation.Howso?Onlyonecigaratatime!,Aftertryingchewingtobacco(andreactingbadly),Twain,whooncewroteanessaycalledSmokingasInspiration,begantosmoke100cigarspermonthwhenhewaseightyearsold.WhatbranddidTwainfirstsmoke?Hedidnotknow,butaverredthatitwasprobablynotchoice,ortheprevioussmokerwouldnothavethrownitawaysosoon.TheMarkTwainHouseonceestimatedthatTwainlateraveragedtwenty-twocigarsperday.Othersourceshaveplacedthenumberashighas40!,Everyoneisamoon,andhasadarksidewhichhenevershowstoanybody.,Para.1.1.Whatistheimplicationofthetwoadjectiveseternalandendless?2.WhywasTwainsaidtobeadventurous,patriotic,romantic,andhumorous?3.whatdidtheauthormeanbyIfoundanotherTwain.?,DetailedStudyofthetext,.,AdvancedEnglish,PartOne,WordsandExpressionsrememberas鲁迅创造了阿Q,这是大多数的中国人所熟知的.MostChinesepeoplerememberLuxunasthefatherofAhQu.(everybit)asasanyonehaseverimagined她的美丽无与伦比.Sheisasbeautifulasanyonehaseverimagined.Iameverybitassorryaboutitasyouare鲁迅,这位最受中国人民喜爱的作家之一,他的爱国热情、尖刻而幽默的笔调都达到了登峰造极的地步。Luxun,oneofbest-lovedauthorsinChina,waseverybitaspatriotic,acid-tonguedandhumorousasanyonehaseverimagined.,cynical,acynicdenyingthesincerityofpeoplesmotivesandactions;seeingnogoodnessinhumanbehavior.havinglittlefaithinhumansincerityorgoodness.acynicalman/acynicalattitude/acynicalsmileWfoundtoemphasizethatsth.isverygreatandintenseHislove/foundanger/shock/disagreement.aprofoundidea,work,person-showsgreatintellectualdepthandunderstanding.Thisbookisfullofprofoundinsights深邃的见解.,AdvancedEnglish,cynical;profound,PartOne,deal,obsesswith,frailties,dealsb.ablowtocausesb.greatdifficultiesHedealtmeahardblowonthechin.Thenewsdealtmeasevereblow.obsess:v.Tooccupythemindofexcessively,keepthinkingaboutsthandfinditdifficulttothinkaboutanythingelse.使着迷,困扰Imustadmitthatdiamondsobsessme.ShestoppeddrinkingandbeganobsessingaboutherweightHewasobsessedwithrocknroll她晚年一直受到死亡恐惧的困扰。Thefearofdeathobsessedherthroughoutheroldage,AdvancedEnglish,PartOne,frailty:aweaknessofcharacterorbehavior.Oneofthefrailtiesofhumannatureislaziness.Frailty,thynameiswoman!(Hamlet),AdvancedEnglish,thefirstsentence.MarkTwainwasknownasthewriteroftheAdventuresofTomSawyerandtheAdventuresofHuckberryFinn.Inthefirstbook,hedescribedTomsfreeandadventurousactivitiesinalongsummerthatseemsendless.Inthelatter,hedepictedHuckFinnssimpleandpleasantvoyagethroughFinsboyhoodthatseemseternal.,AdvancedEnglish,“Adventurous”-MarkTwainlikedtotrysomethingnew,newlife,newplace,newwritingskill,etc.“patriotic”-showshisstrongpassionorloveforhiscountry,countrymenandnaturalscenery.“romantic”-idealistic,emotionalandartistic.“humorous”-hemadepeoplelaugh,broughtthemfunandjoy,hiswritingisfullofwittylanguages.,AdvancedEnglish,themetaphorinthelastsentence,“Ablackwallofnight”,thecolor“black”or“dark”and“night”-impliessomethinghopeless.oppositeto“day”and“daybreakand“light”-“hope”or“hopefulness”.“ablackwallofnight”-“despairandhopelessness”.Hedidnotseeabrightfuturebutadarkoneandahopelessone.,Hyperbole(夸张),Hyperboleoroverstatementisafigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedtoemphasizeapoint,tocreatehumor,ortoachievesomesimilareffects.1.Shewasscaredtodeath.2.Itoldyouathousandtimesthatyoushouldntbehavelikethat.3.Belindasmiled,andtheentireworldwasgay.4.Herbeautymadethebrightdim.5.Icouldsleepforawholeyear.6.Mybackkillsme.,Para2,GiveabriefaccountofTwainsexperiencebeforehebecameawriter.Heusedtomovehereandthere,andhefirstworkedasaprinter,thenariverpilot,aConfederateguerrilla,agoldminer.Whenhewasyoung,heembodiedhopeandbeautifuldreams,sohewasquiteoptimistic.Butlaterhebecamemorecynicalandsarcastic.,Pleasenotesometimeswhentwoormoreprofessionalstatuesareintroduced,theauthordoesnotusearticleslike“an”or“a”.Thiswehaveseeninthefirstsentenceandinthephrase“aswriterandlecturer”.,Howdidheadopthispenname?Theirpurposeisjusttodrawfansattentionandimpressthelisteners,Para3,WhatwasthemainchanneloftransportationinTwainschildhood?(theMississippiRiver)itplayedaveryimportantroleinlinkingthenorthandsouthintradeandtransportation.TheNativeAmericansofdifferenttribeswhooriginallylivedneartheMississippianduseditforcanoetransportation,DoestheRiverflownorthwardorsouthward?Howdoyouknow?“Downstream”-flowssouthward.ItflowsintotheMexicoGulf.,Whatdoes“majorcommerce”referto?Whatdoyouknowaboutthewestwardexpansion?,independent,13statesalongtheAtlanticOcean.By1850,expandedtothePacificcoast.includestheLouisianaPurchase(1803),TexasAnnexation(1845),thepushintoOregon(1846),MexicanCession(1848),andtheGadsdenPurchaseIn1848gold-inCalifornia.Thenewsspreadfarandwide.-arosetheGoldrush,-reacheditspeaksinthe1860s.DuringtheCivilWar,PresidentLincolnpassedHomesteadActthatalsoenabledmanycourageousandhardworkingpeopletodevelopthewest.drivingandkillingthenativeIndians.,languagePoints,arteryandheart:metapher“artery”-“channelormeans”.“heart”-“thecentralpartorcenter”.drain“tocauseliquidflowaway”(排走).itliterallymeanstheMississippiRiverdrainedthevastareaalongitsbanks.TheMississippivalleytakesuporcoversthreequartersofthepopulatedareaoftheU.S.Aofthattime.,Part4,explainthemetaphoricalmeaningof“thecastofcharacters”and“acosmos”“Thecastofcharacters”-alltheactorsinaplayormovie“peopleofallsorts”.“acosmos”-“universe”,aplacewhereonecanseealltypesofpeopleWhenhewasworkingonthesteamboat,hemetpeopleofallkinds.Thesteamboatisaworldwherehecanperceiveandobservedifferenttypesofpeople.,Whatdoesitmeanby“participatedabundantlyinthislife”?Hespentmostofhistimeobservingpeopleandenjoyingthesteamboatlife.Thestoriesheheardonthesteamboat?Feuds-howfamiliesorpersonsquarrelwitheachotherforalongperiod.piracies-howpiratesrobberpeopleonthesealynchings-howtheguiltywaskilledorhangedwithoutpublictrial,medicineshows-howthequackormountebanktriedtoselltheirpills.(curealls)Savagewatersideslums-howsomepeoplebuilttheirshabbyhouseontheriverbankwithoutpermission.,thefigureofspeechinthelastsentence“resurface”-“cometosurfaceagain”.Metapher.“reappearorberetold”.“Phonographic”gramophone,phonographshowtheaccuracyofhismemory.Hismemoryisasaccurateasaphonographorgramophone.Allthestorieswouldreappearinhisbooks,togetherwiththerichandcolorfullanguagethatheabsorbedortookinwithamemorythatwasasaccurateasaphonograph.,Para5,“themaincurrent”“flotsam”“themaincurrent”-themainstreamthemajorityofthepassengersboardthesteamboat.pioneersorpeoplewithpioneeringspirit.“Flotsam”-thewreckageofashiporitscargofoundfloatingonthesea.hustlers(streetwalkers),gamblersandthugs(criminals)-socialoutcasts.metaphoricallyused.,“differencebetweenwhatpeopleclaimtobeandwhattheyreallyare.”Thedifferencebetweenwhattheypreachandwhattheypracticebetweenwhatpeoplesayandwhattheydo,betweenwordsanddeeds.anti-thesis.,Antithesis,Antithesisisafigureofspeechwhichisacontrastofideasexpressedbyparallelismofstronglycontrastedwords,generallyforatunefulrhythmandwisdomofbrevity.Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungman.Theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldhasasplendidfuturebehindhim.Thewisemanknowsheknowsnothing;thefoolthinksheknowsall.,WhateffectdoesTwainsexperienceonthesteamboathaveonhiswriting?-agoodchancetogettoknowdifferentpeopleandlistentodifferentstoriesHiscloseexaminationandmeticulousobservationofthepeopleandthedifferencebetweentheirwordsandactionshelphimaccumulatealargenumberofmaterialsforhislaterwritingthemostmanifesteffectresidesinhismostsuccessfulwritingshouldbeattributedtohisvividdescriptionofthepeoplealongtheMississippiRiver.,Points:,teemwith-befullof.trade-occupation.acknowledgeadmit.acquaintsbwithsomething,acquaintance,acquaintanceship.Hisfourandahalfyearsinthesteamboattrademarkedtherealbeginningofhiseducation,andthemostlastingpartofit.Duringthefourandahalfyearswhenhewasworkingonthesteamboat,hebeganhisrealeducation,whichwasthemostimportantorsignificantpartoftheeducationhehadhadinhislife.,Para6,WhydidTwainleavetherivercountry?Whydidhequittheguerrillas?“whodiligentlyavoidedcontactwiththeenemy”figureofspeech?“whofrequentlyretreatedandretreatedcarefully.”Itisamildwayoraroundaboutwaytosay“retreat”.ThiskindoffigureofspeechisknownasEuphemism.,1)Death,illness,oldage,etc.“death-“passaway”,“togotosleep”,“togotoheaven”.oldage-“gettingoninyears,pastonesprime.”oldpeople-“seniorcitizens;stupidpupil-“aslowlearner”,“under-achiever”.fatpeople-weight-watchers”nottohurtpeoplesfeeling,2)ToiletHabits,etc.gotothebathroomdotheirbusinessanswernaturescall(infants)sitonthepottyMenslavatoryGents,thejohn,thewashroom,head(Navy),watercloset(W.C.)WomenslavatoryLadies,thepowderroom,Mrs.JonesToavoidusingthetruewordswhichareconsideredcrudeandindecentinpoliteconversation.,3)Menialjobsorprofessionsoflowsocialstandingamaid,ahousekeeper-domestichelp,chiefwaiter,waitresscaptain,hostesshairdresser-beauticiantree-trimmer-treesurgeonprostitute-streetwalker,Para7,WheredidMarkTwaingoafterhequittheguerrilla?“succumbedtotheepidemicofgoldandsilverfever”.“Epidemic”-thediseasethatspreadfarandwideamongmanypeopleinthesameplace.Fever-“peoplearequitemadaboutgold.”“epidemic”and“fever”-theprevailinggoldrush.MarkTwaincouldnotresistthewidespreadorprevailinggoldrushtemptation.,Whatisthefigurativemeaningin“flirtwith”?“Flirtwith”-“oneisnotseriouswhenmakingloveoroneplaysatlove”.“MarkTwaindidnottakeminingseriously,hedidnotworkashardashecould.”,Whydidhefailasaprospector?(3)hedidnotworkashardashecould;hedidnotholdonorpersistinworkingashardasotherminersdid;perhapshewasnotlucky,hecouldnotfindthegoldmine.Howtounderstandthissentence?Heworkedonthegoldfieldsforeightmonths,duringwhichhedidnotworkashardashecouldanddidnotpersistinhiswork,thushefailedingettingalargequantityofwealththatcouldbeobtainedbytheluckyminersandtheminerswhopersisted.,“toliteraturesenduringgratitude”?AllhisachievementsweretheconsequencesofhisimportantdecisionacceptingtheofferasareporterwiththeVirginalCityTerritorialEnterprise.Thisdecisionisaturningpointinhiscareer.Inthissense,theworldliteratureshouldthankhimforhisdecisionandshouldbegratefultohisdecision.“to+noun”isanadverbialusedtoshowtheresultorconsequenceofsomething.toonessurprise,toonessatisfaction,toonesdisappointment,metaphorsinthisparagraph:Rebuffrefuseorrejectonesproposalforlove.MarkTwainwasdescribedasamanwhoseemedtotrytowintheaffectionofawomanbutwasrejected.MarkTwainwasrejectedbywealthnotwomen.itsfigurativemeaningis“fail”,MarkTwainfailedingoldmining.,Points:1.succumbto-yield,givewayto,submitto,cannotresistthetemptationof;dieof2.broke-penniless,bankrupt.broker(经纪人),Para8,Paraphrasethesecondsentenceandidentifythefigureofspeechusedin“hispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickax.”Ingoldming,someminerscouldbecomerichovernightiftheycoulddiscoveragoldvein.Inthereportingtrade,thoughMarkTwaincouldnotbecomerichovernightassomeminers,yethisreportingbroughthimmuchmoremoneythanhisminingorprospecting.“hispen”and“pickax”aretwometonymies.“hispen”-“reporting”“pickax”-“mining,“hotbed”?“hotbed”-aplacewheretheenvironmentissonicethatplantsoranimalsorpeoplecangrowrapidlyandmushroom.SanFranciscowasaplace(cradle)thatnurturesorfosterspromisingyoungwriters.,Points:1.digoneswayedgeonesway(侧身前进)feeloneswaythreadonesway(从穿过)fightonesway(冲出去)pushonesway(挤过去)shoulderonesway(用肩开路挤了出去)wormonesway(缓慢而艰难的爬行或蠕动)2Thepastandatpresentnowandthen-occasionallytoandfroupanddownbackandforth,Para9,“honed”and“muscles”?“hone”,verb,“tosharpen”.Inthetext,“toexercise”.“Muscle”-“abilitiesorskills”.Wedonotsay“sharpenonesabilityorskills”,butwecansay“exerciseoneswritingskills”.WhydidMarkTwainhavetoleaveSanFrancisco?MarkTwainwrotesomearticlesthatcontainedharshorsevereorsharpcriticism.ThoseharsharticlesincludeattacksonthecitygovernmentforsuchissuesasmistreatmentofChinese.,“Hisdescriptionsoftheroughcountry.theWestCoast.”HisdescriptionsofthesettlersinthewildSacramentoValleysoundfamiliartothemodernpeoplewhoareusedtotakingtheleadontheWestCoast.WhatwasTwainsopiniononthesettlersinthewest?Why?Hehighlypraisedthembysaying“itwasasplendidpopulation.itwasthatsplendidpeoplethatgaveCaliforniaafame”.Whatismore,heusedcontrasttoshowthis.Hesaid“alltheslow,sleepy,sluggish-brainedslothsstayedathome”thosewhowentwestarethequick,energetic,quick-mindedorclever,hardworkingpeople.,Explain“forgettingupastoundingenterprisesandrushingthemthroughwithamagnificentdashanddaringandarecklessnessofcostorconsequences,whichshebearsuntothisday-andwhensheprojectsanewsurprise,thegraveworldsmilesasusual,.”WheneverCaliforniansstartorlaunchsurprising/amazingenterprises,theywouldcarrythemoutwithgreatenergyandcourage,regardlessofcostorresults.Californiacarriesthefameuntilthisday.AndwhenCaliforniaplanstolaunchanewenterprise,theserious/solemnpeopleinotherstatessmileasusual.,