外教英语PPT启蒙运动the enlightenment.ppt

TheEnlightenment,WhatWastheEnlightenment?,TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementinEuropeduringthe17thand18thcenturythatledtoawholenewworldview.,Accordingtothe18th-centuryphilosopherImmanuelKant,the“motto”oftheEnlightenmentwas“Sapereaude!Havecouragetouseyourownintelligence!”(Kant,“WhatIsEnlightenment?”1784),ImmanuelKant,KeyVocabulary,Enlightenment:aperiodduringthe1600sand1700sinwhicheducatedEuropeanschangedtheiroutlookonlifebyseeingreasonasthekeytohumanprogress.AgeofReason:anothernamefortheEnlightenmentSalons:inFrance,asimplemeetingofphilosopherstodiscussideasduringtheEnlightenmentPhilosopher:ascholarorthinkerReason:Usinglogicalthinking,notsuperstition,RootsoftheEnlightenment,TheEnlightenmentgrewoutoftheRenaissance,Reformation,andtheScientificRevolution.Whatsthesame?:Likealloftheseothermovements,muchEnlightenmentthinkingchallengedacceptedbeliefs.Whatsnew?:EnlightenmentphilosopherswantedtousetheideasandreasonoftheScientificRevolutionforproblemsingovernmentandsociety.,TheScientificRevolution,TheEnlightenmentgrewlargelyoutofthenewmethodsanddiscoveriesachievedintheScientificRevolution,Theequatorialarmillary,usedfornavigationonships,LightoutoftheDarkness,AFrenchman,BernarddeFontenelle,expressedthisoptimisticfaithinreasonandprogress.In1702,hewrotethatthenewcentury“willbecomemoreenlighteneddaybyday,sothatallpreviouscenturieswillbelostindarknessbycomparison.”,EnlightenmentPrinciples,Religion,tradition,andsuperstitionlimitedindependentthoughtAcceptknowledgebasedonobservation,logic,andreason,notonfaithScientificandacademicthoughtshouldbesecular,AmeetingofFrenchEnlightenmentthinkers,TheSalons,InFrance,thinkerscalledphilosophes(Frenchfor“philosophers”)championedtheideaofreasoningovernment.Philosophersoftengatheredininformalmeetings,calledsalons.Theretheyexchangedanddebatedideasforhours.Manysalonswereorganizedbywomen.GatheringslikethesehelpedtoshapeandspreadtheideasoftheEnlightenment.,EnlightenmentandGovernment,Enlightenmentthinkerscriticizedacceptedideasaboutgovernment.SomequestionedthemedievalbeliefinthedivinerightofkingstheideathatGodchoseacountrysking,andthatthekinggothisauthorityfromGod.ManyEnlightenmentthinkersstressedindividualrightsthatgovernmentsmustrespect.Enlightenmentthinkersalsofeltthatpeopleshouldhaveasayintheirgovernment.,EnlightenmentandReligion,Enlightenmentthinkersbelievedhumanswerecapableofdiscoveringtruthforthemselves.Manybelievedinanallpowerfuldeity(orGod),butnotinaspecificchurchorholybook.SomecalledthemselvesDeistsDee-ists.RightandWrongshouldbebasedonrationalinsight.,EnlightenmentThinkers,ThomasHobbes,Hobbesbelievedpeoplearenaturallyselfish,cruel,andgreedy.In1651,hepublishedabookcalledLeviathan.Inthisbook,hewrotethatpeoplearedrivenbyarestlessdesireforpower.Withoutlaws,peoplewouldalwaysbeinconflict.Insucha“stateofnature”,lifewouldbe“nasty,brutish,andshort.”Hisidea:Governmentswerecreatedtoprotectpeoplefromtheirownselfishness.,Hobbescontinued.,LaterEnlightenmentthinkersmightnothaveagreedwithHobbesBut,hewasimportantbecausehewasoneofthefirstthinkerstoapplyreasontotheproblemofpoliticsHisideasmaysoundharsh,butitwasbasedonhisownobservationsofhumannatureandreasoning.,JohnLocke:SocialContractandNaturalRights,HewroteTwoTreatisesofGovernmentin1690.Hebelievedthepurposeofgovernmentwastoprotectpeoplesnaturalrights.Hesaidgovernmentshouldprotect,”hislife,liberty,andpropertyagainsttheinjuriesandattemptsofothermen.”Hisidea:Thetruebasisofgovernmentwasasocialcontractbetweenpeopleandtheirgovernment.Ifthegovernmentdidntrespectpeoplesrights,itcouldbeoverthrown.,JohnLocke:SocialContractandNaturalRights,Inexchangeprotection,peoplegavegovernmentthepowertoruleontheirbehalf.Wecallthisideathe“consentofthegoverned.”LastingImpact:theideathatgovernmentcouldbeoverthrownifitfailedtorespectpeoplesrightshadwideinfluenceandwasultimatelyechoedintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence.,LockesideasinEngland,Lockewasinfavorofconstitutionalmonarchies.Thismeantlawsoraconstitutionlimitedthepowerofthemonarchs(orkings).In1689,theEnglishsetdownanewsetofrulescalledtheEnglishBillofRights.ThisstrengthenedthepowerofthepeopleandtheirrepresentativesinParliament(anEnglishcongress.),Montesquieu:SeparationofPowers,LikeLocke,Montesquieuwasconcernedwithhowtoprotectlibertyfromabadgovernment.HeWroteTheSpiritofLawsin1748.Inthisbook,hedescribedhowgovernmentsshouldbeorganized.Hisidea:Theseparationofpowers:Bydividingdifferentpowersamongmorethanonebranchofgovernment,noonegroupinthegovernmentcouldgrowtoopowerful.,Montesquieucontinued.,Eachbranchofgovernmentcheckedtheotherbranches.Whenpowerswerenotseparatedthisway,Montesquieuwarned,libertywassoonlost.Hesaid:“Whenthelegislativeandexecutivepowersareunitedinthesameperson,therecanbenoliberty.”LastingImpact:HegreatlyinfluencedthemenwhowrotetheU.S.Constitution.Wenowhaveaseparatelegislative(Congress),judicial(courts),andexecutive(President)branch.,Voltaire:Religioustoleranceandfreespeech,VoltairewasanEnlightenmentwriter.HismostfamousnovelwasCandide,inwhichhepokedfunatoldreligiousideas.Voltairewasespeciallyconcernedwithfreedomofthoughtandexpression.Hisidea:Hehadastrongbeliefinreligioustoleranceandfreespeech.Tolerancemeanstheacceptanceofdifferentbeliefsandcustoms.,VoltaireContinued,Voltairesaid,“Idisapproveofwhatyousay,butIwilldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.”LastingImpact:VoltairemetBenjaminFranklin,andwhentheU.S.BillofRightswaswritten,theideasoffreedomofreligionandfreedomofspeechwereaddedtoour1stamendmenttotheConstitution.,CesareBeccaria:TheRightsoftheAccused,IntheMiddleAges,tortureofcriminalswascommon.Therackwasoftenused,aswellasdeviceslikethumbscrews.Beccaria,anItalian,wroteabookcalledOnCrimesandPunishmentsinwhichhearguedagainstbrutalpunishments.,Beccariacontinued.,Hisideas:Apersonaccusedofacrimeshouldreceiveafairandspeedytrial.Tortureshouldneverbeused.CapitalPunishment(deathsentences)shouldbedoneawaywith.“Forapunishmenttobejustit,shouldconsistofonlysuchgradationsofintensityastosufficetodetermenfromcommittingcrimes.”Thismeansthat“punishmentshouldfitthecrime”andnotbemorethannecessarytostopsomeoneelsefromdoingitagain.,Beccariasimpact,BeccariasideaswereadoptedstraightintoourConstitutionsBillofRights.Infactour8thamendmentprevents“cruelandunusualpunishment”forcrimes,andour6thamendmentprovidesforaspeedytrial.(TheonlyexceptionistheDeathPenalty,whichwestillhaveintheUnitedStatestoday.),RenDescartes(15961650),FrenchphilosopherandmathematicianQuestionedthebasisofhisownknowledge“Cogitoergosum”,FrancisBaconandtheScientificMethod,ThescientificmethodObservationandexperimentationTestablehypothesis,SirFrancisBacon,IsaacNewtonandtheScientificMethod,UsedthescientificmethodtomakearangeofdiscoveriesNewtonsachievementsusingthescientificmethodhelpedinspireEnlightenmentthinkers,SirIsaacNewton,TheMarquisdeCondorcet,FrenchmathematicianSketchforaHistoricalPictureoftheProgressoftheHumanSpirit,Condorcet(continued),UniversaleducationProgressand“perfectibility”,TheFrenchSalonandthePhilosophes,MadamedePompadour,MadamedePompadourSalons:gatheringsforaristocratstodiscussnewtheoriesandideasPhilosophes:FrenchEnlightenmentthinkerswhoattendedthesalons,Voltaire(16941778),MostfamousphilosopheWroteplays,essays,poetry,philosophy,andbooksAttackedthe“relics”ofthemedievalsocialorderChampionedsocial,political,andreligioustolerance,TheEncyclopdie,MajorachievementofthephilosophesBegunin1745;completedin1765,FrontspiecetotheEncyclopdie,TheEncyclopdie(continued),DenisDiderotandJeanLeRonddAlembertBannedbytheCatholicChurch,EncyclopdieeditorDenisDiderot,Deism,DeistsbelievedinGodbutrejectedorganizedreligionMoralitycouldbeachievedbyfollowingreasonratherthantheteachingsofthechurch,LordEdwardHerbertofCherbury,founderofdeism,Deism(continued),The“greatwatchmaker”ThomasPaine,ThomasPaine,Jean-JacquesRousseau(17121778),PhilosophizedonthenatureofsocietyandgovernmentTheSocialContract,WomenandtheEnlightenment,ChangingviewsRoleofeducationEquality,MaryWollstonecraft,OlympedeGouges,AbigailAdams,WifetoJohnAdams,whowasaleaderoftheAmericanRevolutionandlaterPresident.SheremindedJohnnottoforgetwomenintheRevolution.“Remember,allmenwouldbetyranntsiftheycould.IfparticularcareandattentionisnotpaidtotheLadies,wearedeterminedtostartarebellionwewillnotholdourselvesboundtoanyLawsinwhichwehavenovoice.”,MaryWollstonecraft,AnEnglishwriter.In1792,shearguedthatwomendeservedthesamerightsandopportunitiesasmen.Wollstonecraftbelievededucationwasthekeyforwomenwantingequalityandfreedom.SheinspiredmanylaterleadersofthewomensrightsmovementinAmerica.,Wollstonecraft(continued),EducationWomensrightsmovement,TitlepageofWollstonecraftsThoughtsontheEducationofDaughters,OlympeDeGouges,CriticizedtheFrenchRevolutionTheRightsofWomen“DeclarationoftheRightsofWomanandtheFemaleCitizen”Executedin1793,ImpactoftheEnlightenmentonGovernment,ModernviewsofgovernmentoweagreatdealtoEnlightenmentthinkers.TheEnlightenmentinfluencedmonarchsinEurope,especiallyenlighteneddespots,andgreatlyaffectedrevolutionsinAmericaandFrance.,EnlightenedRulebyMonarchs,Despot:akingorotherrulerwithabsolute,unlimitedpower.TheEnlightenmentdidnotchangeEuropeovernight.Manycountriesstillhadkings.Someofthembecame“enlighteneddespots”byusingenlightenmentideasintheircountries.Examples:Somekingsendedtheuseoftorture,starteduniversities,andusedreligioustolerance.Theywantedtokeepthepeoplehappywithoutlosingtheirpower.,“EnlightenedMonarchs”,MostofEuroperuledbyabsolutemonarchsReceptivetoEnlightenmentideasInstitutednewlawsandpractices,EnlightenedMonarchsFrederickII,PrussiaCatherinetheGreat,RussiaMariaTheresa,AustriaJosephII,HolyRomanEmpireGustavIII,SwedenNapoleonI,France,FredericktheGreat(ruled17401786),PrussianrulerHadastronginterestinEnlightenmentworksInducedVoltairetocometoPrussia,FredericktheGreat(continued),WantedtomakePrussiaamodernstateReforms,Paintingtitled“FredericktheGreatandVoltaire.”,CatherinetheGreat(ruled17621796),RussianrulerWell-versedinEnlightenmentworks“Westernizing”Russia,CatherinetheGreat(continued),DomesticreformsPeasantrevolt,MariaTheresa(ruled17401780),AustrianrulerGovernmentreformsTheserfsSonJosephII,JosephII(ruled17651790),Ruledascoregentwithhismotheruntil1780JosephsreformsReligioustolerationControlovertheCatholicChurchAbolitionofserfdom,GustavIII(ruled17711792),SwedishrulerReadFrenchEnlightenmentworksReformsAbsolutism,NapoleonI,FrenchrulerMilitarycareerRisetopower,NapoleonI(continued),ReformsEducationLaw,TheAmericanandFrenchRevolutions,BothAmericaandFrancehadrevolutionsoverthrowingtheirkings.However,therevolutioninFrancewasmuchmoreviolent.,TheEnlightenmentandtheAmericanRevolution,InfluenceofLocke,MontesquieuTheDeclarationofIndependence,ThomasJefferson,TheEnlightenmentandtheAmericanRevolution,EnlightenmentideashadamajorinfluenceontheleadersoftheAmericanRevolution.EnglishleadersinAmericasharedwithJohnLockethetraditionsoftheMagnaCartaandtheEnglishBillofRights.WhentheAmericansrebelledin1775,theypointedtotheabuseoftheirrightsbytheEnglishking.TheDeclarationofIndependenceechoedLockesideasonnaturalrightsandthepurposeofgovernment.,TheU.S.Constitution,SeparationofpowersChecksandbalances,PaintingdepictingtheConstitutionalConvention,“WethePeople”,OtherEnlightenmentideascanbeseenintheU.S.Constitution.AmericasbasiclawincludesMontesquieusideaofseparationofpowers.TheBillofRightsprotectsthefreedomofreligionandspeechchampionedbyVoltaire.ItalsoincludessomeoftherightssupportedbyBecca