Lesson-2-Legal-Profession课件

法律英语,1,LessonTwo,LegalProfession法律职业,法律英语,2,Iftherewerenobadpeople,therewouldbenogoodlawyers.CharlesDickens,Britishnovelist倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。英国小说家狄更斯C,法律英语,3,Background,律师法官检查官法学教师,变换频繁HarlanFiskeStone,法律英语,4,法律英语,5,Part1TheBar,Bar法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。,美国律师协会,法律英语,6,法律英语,7,律师,美国LawyerAttorneyAttorneyat-lawCounselerCounselerat-law,英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师,法律英语,8,Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。,法律英语,9,Mostrequirethreeyearsofcollegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.,三年大学法律学位书面考试,法律英语,10,Almostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.,各州律师联考州综合问答题,法律英语,11,TheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.,法律英语,12,Asubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。,法律英语,13,Inall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationstothebarintheirrespectivestates.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。,法律英语,14,Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。,法律英语,15,Alawyerspracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业,法律英语,16,Itiscustomarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。,法律英语,17,Onewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmittedwithoutexaminationifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。,法律英语,18,Alawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.,从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动,法律英语,19,Itisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.,在公司的董事会任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务,法律英语,20,Alawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,anymayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。,法律英语,21,Arelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。,法律英语,22,ThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.,法律英语,23,HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946,DistinguishedjuristHarlanFiskeStonewasbornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield,NewHampshire.著名法理学家,法律英语,24,AftergraduatingfromAmherstCollegein1894,hecontinuedontoColumbiaUniversityfromwhichhereceivedhislawdegreein1898.ThenextyearhewasadmittedtotheNewYorkbar.加入纽约律师协会,法律英语,25,In1910StonebecamethedeanoftheColumbiaLawSchool.In1924hewasappointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）,法律英语,26,In1925hewasnominatedtotheSupremeCourt.WhileontheCourt,StonewasastrongsupporterofPresidentRooseveltsNewDeallegislation.RooseveltappointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonediedin1946attheageof73.最高法院法官罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官,法律英语,27,Theseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国没有律师职业的划分。,英国：Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师,法律英语,28,thereisnobranchofprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverighttoappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.,法律英语,29,TheAmericanlawyersdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,anddrafting.Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedomainisexclusiveandisnotopentoothers.代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；起草文书；律师实务,法律英语,30,Inthefieldofadvocacy,therulesarefairlyclear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut,withtheexceptionofafewinferiorcourts,onlyalawyermayrepresentanotherincourt.出庭辩护：当事人本人代理律师,法律英语,31,Thelinesofdemarcationarelessclearintheareasofcounselinganddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetweenthepracticeoflawandthatofaccountinginthefieldoffederalincometaxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。,法律英语,32,However,thestrictapproachofmostAmericancourtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYorkshighestcourtthatalawyeradmittedtopracticeinaforeigncountrybutnotinNewYorkisprohibitedfromgivinglegaladvicetoclientsinNewYork,eventhoughtheadviceislimitedtothelawofforeigncountrywherethelawyerisadmitted.纽约最高法院规定，在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师，不得给纽约的当事人提供法律咨询，即使咨询在该律师允许执业的国家是被允许的，美国大多数法院都采取了这一严格的措施。,法律英语,33,Aforeignlawyermaybeadmittedtothebarofoneofstatesandmay,evenwithoutbeingadmitted,adviseanAmericanlawyerasaconsultantonforeignlaw.外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接纳为会员，甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨询。,法律英语,34,Part2Lawyersinprivatepractice独立开业的律师,Amongthesefifteenlawyersinpractice,nine,aclearmajority,aresinglepractitioners.在独立开业的律师中，大多数（9/15）是单独开业者。,Theremainingsixpracticeinlawfirms,whicharegenerallyorganizedaspartnerships.剩下的6个人组成律师事务所，一般采用合伙制。Fourorfiveofthesesixarepartnersandtheothersareassociates,atermappliedtosalariedlawyersemployedbyafirmoranotherlawyer.6个人中有4、5个是合伙人；其他1、2个是合作者，他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。,法律英语,36,Thistrendtowardgrouppracticeisrelativelyrecentorigin.,合伙开业,法律英语,37,Throughoutmostofnineteenthcentury,lawpracticewasgeneralratherthanspecialized,itschiefingredientwasadvocacyratherthancounselinganddrafting,andtheprototypeoftheAmericanlawyerwasthesinglepractitioner.律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起草文书美国律师的原型是单独开业者。,法律英语,38,Markedspecializationbeganinthelaterpartofthatcenturyinthelargecitiesnearthefinancialcenters.theworkofthelawyeraccommodateditselftotheneedsofclientsforexpertcounselinganddraftingtopreventaswellastosettledisputes.19世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出现了显著的律师专业化。律师为客户提供专业咨询和起草文书，以防止和解决争议。,法律英语,39,Thebestlawyerswereattractedtothiswork最好的律师被吸引来做这些事。leadershipofthebargravitatedtopersonswhorarelyifeverappearedincourtsandwhoweresoughtafterasadvisors,planners,andnegotiators.律师界的领导人物多为那些极少出庭即使确曾出庭的话的人，和那些作为顾问、计划者和谈判者而深受欢迎的人。,法律英语,40,Todaythelawyerregardsitassoundpracticetobecontinuouslyfamiliarwithclientsbusinessproblemsandtoparticipateatallstepsinshapingoftheirpolicies.目前律师们都认为一直了解客户的商务问题，并参与商业决策形成的每一个步骤是理想的活动。,法律英语,41,Part3HouseCounsel,受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师Outofeverytwentylawyers,twoareemployedbyprivatebusinessconcerns,suchasindustrialcorporations,insurancecompanies,andbanks,usuallyashouseorcorporatecounselintheconcernslegaldepartment.20个律师中有2个受雇于私人企业，如工业公司、金融公司、银行。专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问,法律英语,42,thegrowthofcorporationsthecomplexityofbusinessthemultitudeofproblemposedbygovernmentregulation,法律英语,43,Thegeneralcounsel(总法律顾问)AnofficerofthecompanyServeonimportantpolicymakingcommitteesServeontheboardofdirectors.,公司管理人员重要决策委员会董事会,法律英语,44,Housecounsel,remainmembersofthebar保留律师协会会员身份entitledtoappearincourt有资格出庭进行诉讼,法律英语,45,Housecounsel,However,itisthehousecounselsskillasadvisorratherthanasanadvocatethatisavaluedasset.专职律师的专长是法律顾问而不是辩护律师，这是个珍贵的财富。,法律英语,46,Constantlyintouchwiththeemployersproblem,housecounselisideallysituatedtopracticepreventivelawandmayalsobecalledupontoadvisethecompanyonitsbroaderobligationtothepublicandthenation.专职律师一直接触雇主的问题，他们理当致力于预防性的法律，并应该建议公司为公共事务和国家承担更多的义务。,法律英语,47,Part4LawyersinGovernment,Twooutoftwentylawyersarenowemployeesofthefederal,city,county,andmunicipalgovernments,exclusiveofjudiciary.20个律师中有2个受雇于联邦、都市、县和地方政府，这中间还不包括法官。,法律英语,48,Manyofthoseenteringpublicservicearerecentlawgraduates许多加入公共服务的是刚毕业的法学大学生。whofindgovernmentsalariessufficientlyattractiveatthisstageoftheircareers政府薪水有足够的吸引力seekthetrainingthatsuchservicemayofferasapreludetoprivatepractice.锻炼自己，作为私人开业的前奏,法律英语,49,Limitationontopsalariesdiscouragesomefromcontinuingwiththegovernment.最高薪水的限制使一些人不再为政府工作。,法律英语,50,Themajorityservesbyappointmentinlegaldepartmentsofavarietyoffederalandstateagenciesandlocalentities.大多数的政府律师在联邦、州政府和地方机构的法律部门任职。,法律英语,51,TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticealoneemploysmorethantwothousand,andtheLawDepartmentoftheCityofNewYorkmorethanfourhundred.美国司法部2000多人纽约司法局400多人,法律英语,52,Othersareengagedaspublicprosecutors.Federalprosecutors,theUnitedStatesattorneysandtheirassistants,areappointedbythePresidentandaresubordinatetotheAttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates.其他政府律师是检查官。联邦检查官、美国政府律师和助理检查官由总统任命，受命于美国总检察长（司法部长）。,法律英语,53,AttorneyGeneral总检察长，司法部长JohnAshcroft约翰阿什克里夫特,法律英语,54,TheAttorneyGeneral,asheadoftheDepartmentofJusticeandchieflawenforcementofficeroftheFederalGovernment,representstheUnitedStatesinlegalmattersgenerallyandgivesadviceandopinionstothePresidentandtotheheadsoftheexecutivedepartmentsoftheGovernmentwhensorequested.TheAttorneyGeneralappearsinpersontorepresenttheGovernmentbeforetheU.S.SupremeCourtincasesofexceptionalgravityorimportance.,法律英语,55,Statesprosecutors,sometimesknownasdistrictattorneys,arecommonlyelectedbyeachcountyandarenotunderthecontrolofthestateattorneygeneral.州检查官，又叫地区检查官，一般由其所在县的公民选举产生，不受州司法局长的控制。,法律英语