SCI论文写作英文.ppt

SecretstoWritingBetterScientificArticles,TomLangTomLangCommunicationsandTraining,ForMoreInformation,HowToReportStatisticsinMedicineAnnotatedGuidelinesforAuthors,Editors,andReviewers,2ndEditionThomasALang&MichelleSecicAmericanCollegeofPhysicians,2006,ForMoreInformation,HowtoWrite,Publish,andPresentintheHealthSciencesAGuideforPhysiciansandLaboratoryResearchersTomLangAmericanCollegeofPhysicians,2009,Sciencecannotexistwithoutwriting!,Speechandpicturesarenotenough!PublishingisthefinalstageofresearchEvidence-basedmedicineisliterature-basedmedicine,Thetruthnoonetoldyou.,Ifyouhavechosentobecomearesearcher,youhavechosentobecomeawriter!,Whatisthemostimportantpartofascientificarticle?,Whatisthemostimportantpartofascientificarticle?TheTitleThepartmostoftenreadOftentheonlypartreadThekeylinkbetweentheresearchandthereader,Whichpartusuallyhasthemosterrors?,Whichpartusuallyhasthemosterrors?TheReferencesReferencestaketimetoformatcorrectlyErrorsinreferencesindicatelackofattentiontodetail,Whichpartisusuallytheweakest?,Whichpartisusuallytheweakest?TheDiscussionYouhavetodecidewhatyourresultsmeanYouhavetotellhowyourresultssupportordifferfromotherresults,WhatJournalEditorsWant,ManuscriptsthatfollowtheInstructionsforAuthors!,MulfordLibrary,MedicalCollegeofOhioLinkstoInstructionsforAuthorsformostbiomedicaljournals/instr/TheEQUATORNetworkLinkstoreportingrequirementsfordifferenttypesofresearch/,Editorswanttopublishresearchthatis:NewTrueImportantClearlyReported,TopicsofthisLecture,Howtowritebetter:TitlesIntroductionsTablesandGraphsDiscussions,HowtoWriteBetterTitles,TitleshelpreadersfindanddecidewhethertoreadthefullarticleTitleshelpreadersNOTreadthearticleifitwillNOTbeofinterestIdentifywhatwasstudied,notwhatwasfound,Remember:“SPICED”Setting(location)Patients(whatwasstudied)Intervention(treatment)Comparator(controlgroup)Endpoint(outcomeofinterest)Design(studydesign),OriginalARandomizedTrialofLow-Air-LossBedsforTreatmentofPressureUlcers72charactersandspacesRevisedLow-Air-LossBedsvs.FoamMattressesforTreatingPressureUlcersinNursingHomePatients:ARandomizedTrial111charactersandspaces,HowtoWriteBetterIntroductions,Biomedicalscientistsare:ResearchersWritersTheserolesrequiredifferentskills,Inanareaofscience.ScientistsfindaproblemStudytheproblemasresearchersAnd,aswriters,reporttheirresultsinarticles,The4-PartIntroduction1.Backgroundstatement:providestheinformationneededtounderstandtheproblemandtheresearch2.Problemstatement:describesthenature,extent,severity,orimportanceoftheproblemthatstimulatedtheresearch,The4-PartIntroduction3.Actionstatement:givestheresearchquestion,hypothesis,approach,oractivitiesundertakentoinvestigatetheproblem4.Forecastingstatement:tellsreaderswhattheywillfindiftheycontinuetoread,Part1:BackgroundStatement,“Inpatientswithatheroscleroticvasculardisease,aspirinisrecommendedtopreventmyocardialinfarctionandgraftocclusion.”,Part2:ProblemStatement,“However,aspirinisalsoassociatedwithbleeding.Patientsareoftenaskedtostoptakingaspirinbeforebronchoscopy,toreducetheriskofbleeding.Theeffectivenessofthispracticehasneverbeentested.”,Part3:ActionStatement,“Thus,wewantedtodeterminewhetheraspirinincreasestheriskofbleedingafterbronchoscopy.”,Part4:ForecastingStatement,“Here,wedescribeourstudyinwhichwecomparedthenumberandseverityofbleedingeventsinpatientstakingaspirinwiththosewhowerenotanddeterminedthataspirindoesnotincreasetheriskofbleeding.”,ProblemswithIntroductionsWeakbackgroundandproblemstatementsManyauthorsassumereaderswillknow:1)Whatproblemwasstudied2)Whytheproblemisimportant,HowtoWriteBetterResultsSections,SummarizethestudyinadiagramPutyourresultsintablesandfiguresTakethetimetomakegoodtablesandfigures,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,Whatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?,1.Whatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?,Focusingreadersattentionon:IndividualvaluesGroupsofvaluesComparisonsbetweenvaluesorgroups,ComparisonsbetweenGroups,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,2.Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Analytical:organizethedataReference:organizetheheadings,AnAnalyticalTable,AReferenceTable,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,3.Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?ReadersseevaluesfasterandmoreaccuratelyintablesReadersseepatternsofvaluesfasterandmoreaccuratelyingraphs,ExactValuesorPatternsintheValues,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,Whatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?,TablesandHowtoDesignThem,PrinciplesofTableDesign,TablesusedtorecorddatamaynotbegoodforcommunicatingdataPlacevaluestobecomparedside-by-side,ifpossible,46,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Roundnumbersto2significantdigits,unlessmoreprecisionisnecessary,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Keepthedataconsistentwithcolumnandrowheadings,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Keepthedataconsistentwithcolumnandrowheadings,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Donotleavecellsempty:indicatethatthecellcontainsnovaluewithanellipsis(.),PrinciplesofTableDesign,Considerhighlightingimportantvalues,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Aligndata,symbols,andtextconsistentlywithincolumns.,ConsiderGivingTotals,ConsiderGivingTotals,GraphsandHowtoDesignThem,543210,05101520,543210,05101520,PrinciplesofGraphDesign,Indicatethezero-zeropointBreakscalelinesandthedatafieldwhenthescaledoesnotstartatzero,PrinciplesofGraphDesign,Emphasizethedataoverotherelementsinthegraph,Emphasizethedata!,PrinciplesofGraphDesign,Whenpossible,presentcomparisonsoflengthagainstacommonbaseline,LengthonaCommonBaseline,FromBarChartstoDotorBoxCharts,HowtoMakeaDotChart,ProblemswithGraphs,Donotusea3-dimensionalgraphtoshow2-dimensionaldata,HowtoWriteBetterDiscussionsSummarizethestudyandthemainresults.InterpretandexplaintheresultsTellhowyourresultssupportordifferfromotherresults:reviewtheliterature,SuggesthowtheresultsmightbegeneralizedDiscusstheimplicationsoftheresultsStatethelimitationsofthestudyListtheconclusions,ConclusionsWeconcludethatTamoxifenreducedtheincidenceofDMH-inducedcoloncancerinrats.WealsoshowedthatDMHinducedtheexpressionofestrogenreceptorsincolonicmucosa,butthatthenumberofestrogenreceptorsinthecolonicmucosawasnotcorrelatedwithbloodleve