高中英语语法-非谓语动词

非谓语动词1、非谓语动词的句法功能名称语 法 功 能 主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词2、动词不定式中应注意的几个问题1）不定式在句中的成分。(1)To learn a foreign language is difficult.(2) His wish is to be a driver. (3) Tom wanted to have a cup of beer. (4) The teacher told us to do morning exercises. (5) I have nothing to say. (6) They went to see their aunt. (7) Its easy to see their aunt.(8) I dont know what to do next.(9) I heard them make a noise.说明：(1) 动词不定式作主语；(2) 动词不定式作表语；(3) 动词不定式作宾语；(4) 动词不定式作宾语补足语；(5) 动词不定式作定语；(6) 动词不定式作目的状语；(7) 动词不定式作真正主语，it 代替动词不定式，作形式主语；(8) 带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语；(9) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。2）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。His job is to guard.(说明内容)be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)3）“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。 agree to, object to, close to, come to, lead to, refer to, equal to, familiar to, point to, thanks to, devote to, next to, belong to, be used to, look forward to4) 后接不定式作宾语的动词有： afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, dare, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, help, hope, know, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, teach, refuse, prepare, want, wish,下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：advise, ask, consider, decide, discuss, find out, know, learn, teach, show, wonder5) 不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to。want to, wish to, hope to, like to, hate to, plan to, try to, love to, have to, ought to, need to, used to, be able to6) 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的，但是有时用of，由其前面的形容词决定。 Its necessary for you to study hard. Its foolish of him to do it. 与of 连用的形容词有：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, foolish, right, wrong, careful, careless, polite, possible7) 如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。如：They saw a lot of people enter the hall. A lot of people were seen to enter the hall.常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.8）不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：（1）动宾关系：(不定式和所修饰的名词间是动宾关系，所以，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词在应该在后面加上合适的介词)He has a lot of meeting to attend. Please lend me something to write with. He is looking for a room to live in.（2）主谓关系： She is always the last (person) to speak at the meeting. I m going to the post office, for I have a letter to post. (逻辑主语是I) I am going to the post office, do you have any letter to be posted? (逻辑主语不是I) Thank you. Here you are.（3）下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。9）不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为原因、目的、结果、。(only) to do表示出乎意料的结果。They were surprised to see so many green plants at the top of the mountain.He is working hard day and night to catch up with others.We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.in order (not) to, so as (not) to用来引导目的状语, enough + to, too + to, soas to, such + 名词as to作结果状语。如：The book is too hard for the boy to read.He is old enough to take care of himself.The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that. 不定式做原因状语一般用于做表语的形容词后。如： He is lucky to get here on time. 这种结构中常用的是表示情绪的形容词，不定式表示该情绪产生的原因。有： happy, glad, delighted, pleased, sorry, eager, anxious, lucky, fortunate, proud, angry surprised, frightened, disappointed, ready, clever, foolish, worthy10）不定式的完成时。表示不定式中谓语动词的动作先于主句的谓语动词发生。The book is said to have been published.Alexander Bell is said to have invented the telephone.seem, appear, be said / reported / supposed / believed considered / thought / known等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时= had + expected / hoped / meant / promised / supposed / thought / wanted / wished + 不定式一般式，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。Tom hoped to have succeeded, but he failed.7）不定式的省略。 同一结构并列由and或or连接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to省略，即“前有do后无to，后无to前有do”。He had do nothing but wait. He had no choice but to wait.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。Why not、had better、would rather、cant / couldnt but等词后省to。如：He could not but walk home.8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如： Susan is not what she used to be. You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.I know I ought to have.常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to.3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题1）动名词作主语 Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese.2）动名词做宾语 Wasting a lot of time during school days means failing in the future.Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese.3）动名词做表语 A way of saying “I am hungry” is patting the stomach before a meal.下列动词后只能接动名词：allow, permit，avoid, suggest, finish, cant help(禁不住), mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape 下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in), devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on / upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival。动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand例 句解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to.5. I don t prefer to swim in the river now.1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, stop, try例 句解 析1. I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday. I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I regret not having working hard. I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Lets stop wasting time.We must stop to work hard.5. Try knocking at the back door. We must try to get everything ready.6. That will mean flooding some land. I had meant to go on Monday.1. remember to do sth.记住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事2. forget to do sth.忘记要做的事 forget doing sth.忘记做过的事3. regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔4. stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop to do sth. 停下来做某事5. try to do sth.设法，试图 try doing sth.试试看，试一试6. mean to do sth.打算做，想要 mean doing sth.意味着，就是want, require, need例 句解 析These desks need repairing.These desks need to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.1. need doing / to be done需要被做2. want doing / to be done3. require doing / to be done4、分词1）分词（或分词短语）可以用来说明句中谓语动词所处的状态，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、行为方式、伴随等情况，相当于各自的状语从句。如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，就可以简化和转换成分词做状语。如：（1）When I was walking along the street, I met an old friend of mine.这里从句的主语I和主句的主语相同，所以可以转换成分词做状语：Waling along the street, I met an old friend of mine.（2）If you stand on the church tower, you can see the whole village.= Standing on the church tower, you can see the whole village.简化方法是去掉从句的主语，如果从句是主动语态，就把谓语动词变成现在分词，进行时的be动词去掉；如果是被动语态，就把谓语部分的过去分词留下即可。又如：If they had been given enough sunlight, the flowers could have grown better.= Given enough sunlight, the flowers could have grown better.由此，我们也可以得出结论：做状语的现在分词与句子主语间是主动关系，做状语的过去分词与句子主语之间是被动关系，反之亦然。时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when, while等）Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.Having enjoyed the rides at the Headland, visitors can take the shuttle to the Lowland.Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.原因状语Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note.Tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.伴随状语But theme parks also try to make sure that visitors leave knowing more about their theme.The teacher came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.结果状语The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.作条件状语Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。2）分词作宾语补足语一般用在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, have, get, make等从此后。如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上是主谓关系，则用现在分词表示宾语的正在进行的动作。如果在逻辑上是动宾关系，则用过去分词表示被动的动作。如：(1) From the window we could see the children playing in the yard.His parents saw him awarded the winners medal.(2) I heard someone knocking at the door.Have you heard the song sung in Italian?(3) I could feel the sweat trickling down my back. She felt a great weight taken off her mind when she knew her son had come back.(4) She kept me talking on the phone for half an hour. Why do you keep the door closed and stay inside alone?(5) I wont have you saying such things to your mother.She had her car stolen (= it was stolen) last week.(6) Havent you got the photocopier working yet?Im trying to get this article finished for Thursday.(7) I can make myself understood in French, but Im not fluent. make没有接现在分词做补足语的用法。3）宾语和宾语补足语有时相当于宾语从句。如：I found the boy beaten black and blue. 这里the boy和beaten在逻辑上是动宾关系，the boy是beaten的承受者，表示被打。相当于：I found that the boy was beaten black and blue.以下是课文中出现的例句。（1）中，expressed和its own ideas of beauty；（2）中them与designed, planned, built；（3）中their buildings与constructed；（4）中himself与inspired之间都是被动关系。(1) Every great culture in the past had its own ideas of beauty expressed in art and architecture.(2) When you look around at buildings, streets, squares and parks, you will find them designed, planned and built in different styles.(3) They wanted their buildings constructed in a way to look unusual.(4) Frank Lloyd Wright, who built an art museum in New York, found himself inspired by Japanese seashells.4）上述宾语补足语用在主动语态的句子中，一旦这类句子变成被动语态，宾语变成主语了，那么原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语，但分词的形式不变。如：What was discussed at the meeting yesterday hasnt been made known yet. = They havent made known what was discussed at the meeting yesterday.The manages discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year. (2000全国)5）几个注意点(1) 分词(或分词短语)表示方式或伴随情况时，常常由并列句转换而来。如：A woman entered the room and was followed by two girls.= A woman entered the room, followed by two girls.(2) 表示原因、时间、条件和让步等的分词短语，一般放在句子开头；表示方式、结果和伴随的分词短语，一般放在句子后面。(3) 几个特殊的过去分词的使用given可做介词，意思是“考虑到”。如： Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.(2000全国) Given her interest in children (= Given that she is interested in children), I am sure teaching is the right career for vided做连词，意思是“以为条件，假如”。如： We shall go provided (that) the weather is fine. Provided you sat at the back, you were permitted into the hall for the film.5. 过去分词做状语与现在分词及不定式做状语的区别1) 现在分词做状语时，分词与句子主语间是主动关系；过去分词做状语时，分词与句子主语之间是被动关系2) 分词做状语一般表示时间、原因、条件、让步，相当于状语从句；表示方式、伴随、结果，相当于并列句3) 不定式做状语一般表示原因（常用于表示情绪的形容词后）、目的和出乎意料的结果6. 分词作表语。S. + be + 动词-ed表示被动，主语是人；S. + be + 动词-ing表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别： 感官动词 动词原形做了某事S+ + 宾语 + 现在分词正在做某事 使役动词 过去分词做了或被做二、精典名题导解选择填空1. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001)A. Having suffered