英语试题_最终版.doc

.英语试题公共英语部分Put the following passage into Chinese:1、Critics（评论员，批评者） of early schooling（早期教育） cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators（教育工作者） find that older toddlers（小孩子，幼儿） are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail. Kindergarten（幼儿园，学前班） children who turn five during the latter（较后的，后者的） half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage（劣势，不利） when it comes to physical（身体的，物理的）, emotional, social, and intellectual（智力的） development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally（口头地） skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial（表面的） poise（自信，镇静） and sophistication（老练） of many of todays children with inner maturity（成熟）. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs（产生事与愿违的结果，自食其果）: Youngsters（小孩子） whose parents push them to attain（获得，实现） academic（学业的，学院的） success in preschool（幼儿园，学前班） are less creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial（最初的，开始的） academic advantage over their less-pressured peers.Many psychologists（心理学研究者，心理学家） and educators remain skeptical（怀疑的） of approaches（方法） that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting（环境，背景，地点）. They question whether environmental enrichment（丰富，充实，改进） can significantly alter the built-in（固有的，固定的） developmental timetable（时间表，计划） of a child reared（养育，抚养） in a non disadvantaged（非弱势） home. They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers（日托中心） and nursery schools（幼儿园） that provide a homelike（像家的，亲切的） environment and allow children considerable（相当多的，相当可观的） freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve（发展） their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest（唯恐） more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving（迫使，逼迫） young children too hard and thereby（因此） depriving（剥夺，使丧失） them of their childhood.2、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers right is in the air. While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption. In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized（稳定，稳固）. However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progressand is even encouraged. As more tobacco（烟草） companies go international, new markets are sought（寻找，探寻seek的过去式和过去分词） to gain new smokers in those countries. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry（行业，工业） to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africawhere U.S. tobacco exports（出口） increased by more than 27 percent in 1974. Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing（限制） smoking. But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious（有意识的） and uncomfortable about his habit. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful（可怕的）consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should be boosted（提高，增加）. In the long run（从长远来看）, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off（境况较好的） if smoking were banned altogether（全部地，完全地）, but people are not ready for such drastic（激烈的，严厉的） action.3、We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panoroma. 据我们所知，大众媒体是迄今为止最好的启迪民智的方式，比如在英国，时事节目“全景”（Panoroma）每一期都吸引了数百万的观众。It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies. 确实，同时让如此众多的人如此频繁密集地置身于形形色色的社会暗示当中，像这样的情况，在人类历史中还从未有过。（这一句当中intimations about societies 社会暗示 翻译不好，请见谅）This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgement, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. 置身于其中或许是一种获取某些重要知识、富有想象力的品质、广泛的判断力以及对事物各种可能态度的起点。Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development.然而单凭如此置身其中却并不能使我们的智力和想象力有所增益。It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral.这莫不如采石场中堆卧如山的顽石，你可信，他日将成筑造教堂之材。The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. 大众媒体并不能筑起教堂，他们如此这般展示这些顽石也并不能使其成为可用之材。For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.因为作为这些顽石本身，他们都各自处在一个独立的、自足的世界当中，由于他们的含蓄，我们无非就只能这么看着他们，因此，身处这样的环境，快速的浏览这些顽石各自的闪光点足矣。Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to or feel we should try to make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. 确实，生活本就是各种问题的结合体，因此，身处这种环境中，作为公民或者作为个人的我们，都不得不去抑或觉得理应试着去做决定。（或者这么翻译：生活充满了许多不管我们作为公民还是个人都必须做出决定的问题。）But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. 然而，这些抉择本身所具有的真实难度，还有抉择时所带来令人烦恼的难题，这一切都没有在大众媒体上得到报道和体现。（communitcated意为沟通，交流，若直译读起来不太通顺）The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy. 大众媒体不愿给出明确的答案，这种行为，不能简单的将其视为一种想要取乐顾客的商业手段。It is within the grain of mass communications. 它是存在于大众传媒的产物之中的。The organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such enquiries might really hurt. 官方的机构（州、教会、志愿者协会、政党），无论他们是否可能是善意的，都注重自己的既得利益，确保公众的反应不是太激烈，注重自己在社会中的地位不被动摇，并极尽所能的对那些在大众媒体中工作的人造成影响，使他们不知不觉为政府机构的生产形式而左右，尽管这些新闻从业者会走个讨论、询问的过场，但这并不会触及到政府的关键之处。(触及到要害)They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted clich-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichs nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. 他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的表示出一点过激的疑问，在涉及现代生活时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo (现状).他们会通过电视节目来施以刺激，但是出于利益的角度，这种做法很快的变成一种煽动；最后反过来又成为让大家接受现状的推手。There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic. （当然）这种情况也有例外，然而却不是典型的。The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press.在广播电视节目中常能看到这样的处理结果，就如同公共媒体应对普通的公共事件一样简单明了。Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgement. 公众媒体需要考虑到不同层次观众或读者的背景情况，然而常常发生的是Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation (repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgements carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses.Mass communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate (使丧失活力) them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything. 4、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards. 作为一种职业，写作能为作者提供一系列的回报。It enables people to express themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and influence others. 写作让人表达自己的同时，同样能够娱乐、告知、影响他人。With only a few tools - paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding world.仅仅需要一张纸、一台打印机、一支笔或者一台个人电脑，作家就可以凭此写出惊世之作。But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting their skills before they can sell any of their works.然而，绝大多数的作家能够以写作养活生计之前，他们都需要花费时日去磨练他们的写作技艺。 A person who wants to be a writer should set aside some time to write every day. 要想成为一个作家，每日行文是必须的。Learning to express ideas clearly and effectively in writing takes a great deal of practice. 想要在文章中清晰、有效地表达自己的想法需要做大量的写作练习。Many experienced writers keep a journal. 许多有经验的作家都有记日记的习惯。A journal can serve as a storehouse for information, observations, and ideas. 日记是储存信息、观察和想法的宝库。It can also be a place to develop new material.它同样也可以是提炼新素材的宝库。 Beginning writers should read many kinds of writing encountered every day and pay special attention to what they find most interesting. 初学写作的人应该阅读日常碰到的各式各样的作品，要特别留意那些他们特别感兴趣的文章。News items, feature stories, textbooks, cookbooks, repair manuals, poems, essays, short stories, novels, and plays differ in their methods of organizing and presenting material. 新闻、特写、教材、食谱、维修手册、诗歌、散文、短篇故事、小说和戏剧在组织和呈现素材的时候各有各的手法。A beginning writer who reads widely and carefully will develop an appreciation of different writing approaches and styles. 通过广泛而细致的阅读可以帮助初学写作的人提高对不同写作手法和写作风格作品的鉴赏能力。In time, the writer can acquire a more flexible approach to his or her own work.随着时间的推移，作家就可以在他/她的作品中游刃有余。 Successful authors write about subjects they know and understand. 成功的作家写的主题是他们知晓的领域。They sometimes take weeks or months revising or refining an article, poem, or story. 有时候他们会花数周甚至数月时间去修改、精炼一篇文章、诗歌或者故事。Beginning writers usually benefit from finding one or more friendly critics who will read their work and discuss its strengths and weaknesses with them.初学写作的人往往能从友善的评论家（的点评）那受益，因为这些评论家会研读他们的作品并与他们一同讨论作品的优点和缺点。 High schools and colleges offer many learning opportunities for young writers. 高中和大学为年轻的作家提供了许多学习的机会。Composition and literature courses can be helpful. 作文和文学课程（对于年轻的作家）也非常有帮助。Creative writing and journalism courses may further assist a beginning writer in developing his or her skills. 创意写作和新闻写作课程可以更加深入的帮助一个初学写作的人提升他/她的写作能力。Many students work on literary magazines, newspapers, or yearbooks published by their schools. 许多学生在位文学杂志社、报社或者学校年鉴出版出版社工作。They may write stories, edit articles, or gain other valuable experience.他们可能在那儿写故事、编辑文章，或者（为写作）积累宝贵的经验。5、Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child-rearing, but what do fathers do? 鲜少有人怀疑母亲在照顾孩子方面的根本重要性，然而，爸爸（的重要性）呢Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. 他们对家里面的贡献仅仅是作为家里面第二个成年人所做的。Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. 拉扯大一个小孩往往是吃力的、有压力且疲惫的。Two adults can support and make up for each others deficiencies and build on each others strengths.两个大人（爸爸妈妈）可以相互支持，互补不足各取所长。Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities. 爸爸（在养育孩子方面，同样）可以取得一系列特别的作用（字面：独特的品质）。Some are familiar: protector and role model. 其中一些为人们所熟知，即保护者和（孩子的）榜样。Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble. 众所周知，没有父亲的男孩更容易招惹麻烦。The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from their mothers, how to relate to men. 女孩的成人之路相对来说要简单一些，然而，她们也必须仍然要从父亲那儿学习如何与男性相处，这一点是她们无法从母亲那儿学来的。They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference. 她们从父亲那儿学会了对异性的信任、亲密与区别。They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives. 她们要从一个男人身上学习欣赏自己身上的女性温柔之美，而这个男人在她生命当中是那么特殊。Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they are love-worthy.最重要的是，通过从她们的父亲那儿学到爱与被爱，她们将会明白她们不负所爱（字面：她们是值得被爱的）。Current research gives much deeper - and more surprising - insight into the fathers role in child-rearing.对于儿童成长阶段父亲的角色，最近的研究给出了更加深刻且令人意外的发现。One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play. 其中一个显然被忽略的方面就是玩耍。From their childrens birth through adolescence, fathers tend to emphasize play more than caretaking. 从呱呱坠地到青春期，父亲往往着重于与孩子们玩耍多过照顾。The fathers style of play is likely to be both physically stimulating and exciting. 与父亲玩耍的是的方式更加倾向于身心的激励（字面：身体上的刺激和让人兴奋）。With older children it involves more teamwork, requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills. 与年长一点的孩子相处时，玩耍中要包含了更多的团队合作，还需要有关心理和生理方面的小竞赛。It frequently resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you how. 这常常类似于一种教学关系来吧，让我来教你怎么做。Mothers play more at the childs level. 母亲与孩子之间的玩耍多在孩子们的孩童时期。They seem willing to let the child direct play.她们对孩子们玩耍的期望较为直接。（字面：她们更希望让孩子们直接玩。）Kids, at least in the early years, seem to prefer to play with daddy. 至少在最初的几年里，孩子们更愿意与他们的爸爸玩耍。In one study of 2-5-year olds who were given a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play with their father.一个对2-5岁这个年龄段小孩的研究指出，当让这些小孩选择跟谁玩时，超过三分之一小孩得选择是他们的爸爸。The way fathers play has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement. 与父亲玩耍的方式会对很多方面产生影响，从情绪控制到智力发展，甚至是学业成绩。It is particularly important in promoting self-control.特别是在情绪控制方面有非常重要的促进作用。According to one expert, children who roughhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable. 按照一位教授的原话：“那些与他们父亲打闹的孩子们，早早就明白了打人和踢人或者其他形式的暴力行为都是不允许的。”They learn when to shut it down.他们知道何时“住手”。At play and in other realms, fathers tend to stress competition, challenge, initiative, risk taking and independence. 在玩耍亦或是其他的一些地方，父亲往往会强调竞争、挑战、主动、冒险和独立Mothers, as caretakers, stress emotional security and personal safety. （而）母亲作为看护者，强调的是情绪上和人身的安全感。On the playground fathers often try to get the child to swing even higher, while mothers are cautious, worrying about an accident.在游乐场中，爸爸经常试着让孩子的秋千摆的更高，而妈妈却总是小心翼翼担心意外。6、Sociologically, advertising supports the mass communication media. 从社会学角度来说，广告是支撑大众传播媒体运营的基础。It pays all the costs of commercial television and radio. 广告为商业电视和广播媒体提供开销。It provides viewers with free entertainment and news programs, though viewers are often annoyed by commercial interruptions. 尽管观众们老是因为插播商业广告恼火，然而广告却为观众们提供了免费的娱乐和新闻节目（然而观众们正因此而不必为娱乐和新闻节目买单）。Without advertising, readers would have to pay a higher price for newspapers and magazines, and many of the publications would go out of business.如若没有广告，读者们便不得不为昂贵的报纸和杂志买单，许多出版商也会因此倒闭。 8、Nowadays, we hear a lot about the growing threat of globalization, accompanied by those warnings that the rich pattern（模式） of local life is being undermined（削弱，损害）, and many dialects and traditions are becoming extinct（灭绝的，消逝的）.如今，我们听到了不少有关全球化的威胁在不断增长的说法，还听到了这样的警告：丰富多彩的地方生活方式正在遭到破坏，许多方言和传统正在消亡。But stop and think for a moment about the many positive aspects that globalization is bringing. 但是，静下心来，考虑一下全球化带来的许多有利之处。Read on and you are bound to（一定要，不得不） feel comforted, ready to face the global future, which is surely inevitable （不可避免的，必然发生的）now. 继续思考下去，你肯定会觉得有所慰藉，乐于面对全球化的未来现在看来，这种未来不可避免。Consider the Internet, that prime（最好的，首要的） example of our shrinking（收缩） world. 想一想因特网这个使我们这个世界变小的绝好例子。Leaving aside the all-to-familiar worries about pornography（色青作品） and political extremism, even the most narrow-minded must admit that the net offers immeasurable benefits, not just in terms of education, the sector for which it was originally designed, but more importantly on a global level, the spread of news and comment. 撇开人们对色情文学和政治极端化的普遍担忧，就连最目光短浅的人都肯定承认：因特网给我们带来了不可估量的利益，不只是在教育方面因特网最初就是为教育设计的，更重要的是全球范围内信息和观念的传播。It will be increasingly difficult for politicians to maintain their regimes of misinformation, as the oppressed will not only find support and comfort, but also be able to organize themselves more effectively. 对于政治家来说，要想维持他们误传的政权将会越来越困难，因为被压迫者将不仅得到支持与安慰，而且能够更有效地组织自己。MTV is another global provider that is often criticized for imposing popular culture on the unsuspecting millions around the world. 音乐电视是另一个全球性的传播物因为在全世界数以百万计没有疑心的人中强行推广流行文化而经常受到批评。Yet the viewers judgment on MTV is undoubtedly positive; it is regarded as indispensable（不可缺少的） by most of the global teenage generation who watch it, a vital part of growing up. 不过，毫无疑问，观众对音乐电视的看法还是肯定的;全世界看过音乐电视的大多数青少年正在成长的主要群体都认为音乐电视绝对必要。And in the final analysis, what harm can a few songs and videos cause? 总而言之，几首歌和几部录像能够造成怎样的损害?Is the world dominance of brands like Nike and Coca-Cola so bad for us when all is said and done? 在该说的都说了、该采取的行动也采取了时，像耐克和可口可乐这样的世界主导品牌就会对我们有害吗？Sportswear and soft drinks are harmless products when compared to the many other things that have been globally available for a longer period of time- heroin and cocaine, for example.同许多其他更长时期内在全世界都可得到的产品相比比如海洛因和可卡因，运动装和不含酒精的饮料没有害处。In any case, just because Nike shoes and Coke cans are for sale, it doesnt mean you have to buy them- even globalization cannot deprive the individual of his free will. 无论如何，正是因为耐克运动鞋和可乐易拉罐在待销，所以并不意味着你非得购买它们不可即使是全球化也不可能剥夺人们的自由意愿。Cr