英美国家概况 Chapter

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,Chapter13Literature,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,英语国家概况,CONTENT,TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriods,I,1.1TheColonialPeriod(1607-1775),Q2:WhatistheinfluenceofpluralismonAmericanliterature?,1.1TheColonialPeriod(1607-1775)(cont.),CharacterofWritingsreligious,practical,orhistorical.AmericanPuritanismmajortopicstressespredestination(预言)originalsintotaldepravity(堕落)limitedatonement(赎罪)orthesalvation(拯救)ofaselectedfewwhowouldreceiveGodsgrace.,Discussion:ComparetheAmericanPuritanismwithChineseConfucianism.,1.2TheRevolutionaryPeriod,representativeworkThomasJeffersonsDeclarationofIndependence.CharacterofDeclarationofIndependencerhetorical(带修辞色彩的)vigorrefineddiction(措辞)polishedstyleardentlongingforfreedom,Q:HowwasAmericanliteratureforwardedintheRevolutionaryPeriod?,1.3RepresentativeFigures,1.3.1JonathanEdwards,religiousidealismpowerfulsermons(布道)preachingthepuritanideasandcondemningpeoplesdepravity.best-knownwork“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”(1741).initiatingtheGreatAwakeningMovementtorevivePuritanism.,Almanacpublishedcontinuouslyforalmostaquarterofacentury.adages(格言)andsayings“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”“Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”,1.3.1JonathanEdwards(cont.),1.3.2BenjaminFranklin,levelheaded(头脑冷静的)commonsenseacompletelyworldlyman;astatesman,ambassador,scientist,essayistaswell.PoorRichardsAlmanacbothaliteraryachievementandaprofitablebusiness.,1.3.2BenjaminFranklin(cont.),Autobiographymostfamouswork.“thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmericasfirstself-mademan”risingfrompovertyandobscurity(身份低微)towealthandfame.Autobiographyarecordofspiritualgrowthinadditiontoself-examinationandself-improvement.,TheRomanticPeriod(1790-1865),II,2.1Feature,AmericanRenaissance.CharacterofAmericanwritingsfreeexpressionofemotions,attentiontothepsychic(精神的)statesoftheircharacter.exalted(赞美)theindividualandthecommonman.revealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownandgrewonthenativelands.BestRepresentivesWashingtonIrvingtriedtofindouthowmenreactedintheirmindwhentheyfoundtheyhaddonesomethingwrong;exposedtheevilsofthesocietybydescribingthepsychologicalactivitiesofhumanbeings.mostfamousnovelTheScarletLetterotherworksTheHouseofSevenGables(1851)TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)TheMarbleFaun(1860),2.2.5EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849),alonelywriterbothinlifeandliteraturehistory.literaryoutput:poetry,shortstories,andreviewsforliteraryworks.strangethemeandstylemakehimanoutsiderofthemaincurrentofAmericanliterature.foreignersacclaimedhimasgeniusmasterpiecesTheRaven(1845)TheFalloftheHouseofUsher(1839),2.2.6HermanMelville(1819-1891),fameestablishedonMobyDick.acknowledgedasoneoftheworldsgreatmasterpieces.themetoofaradvancedforhiscontemporariespresentingableakviewoftheworld:theuniverseisGodlessandpurposeless;humanlifeisalsomeaninglessandfutile.,2.3WritersofPoets,2.3.1,2.3.2,2.3.1WaltWhitman(1819-1892),poemsTheLeavesofGrasscombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividualpoeticstylefreeversepoetrywithoutafixedbeat(拍子)orregularrhymescheme.hispoetryironicallyignoredbythegeneralpublicduetohisunconventionalstyle.,2.3.2EmilyDickinson(1830-1886),differentfromWhitmanthepoetessturnedtotheouterworldandembracedsociety,democracyandnation;casthereyesinwardtoexploretheinnerfeelingsoftheindividual.shyandsensitivenature,sheavoidedvisitorsandledaquitereclusive(隐居的)life.,2.3.2EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)(cont.),shortpoemstherealworldinvisibleintheconciselines,neitheraretherepeople.naturedwellinherworld,andmetaphysical(形而上学的)thinkinglikedeathandimmortalityoccupieshermind.mostfamouspoemsMyLifeClosedTwiceBeforeItsClose(1896)BecauseIcouldNotStopforDeath(1890)ANarrowFellowintheGrass(1891)constructingawonderfulworldsmallbutintense,fresh,individualandoriginal.,2.4Questions,Q1:WhatarethecharacteristicsofAmericanwritingduringtheRomanticperiod?Q2:HowmuchdoyoulikeNathanielHawthornesworkTheScarletLetter,andhowdoyouinterprettheletter“A”?,TheRealisticPeriod(1790-1865),III,3.1Feature,areactionagainstRomanticism.stressingtruthfultreatmentofmaterial.thewritingsareconcernedwiththeworldofexperience,thecommonplace,thefamiliarandthelow.dominantfiguresMarkTwainWilliamDeanHowellsHenryJames,3.2RepresentativeFigures,3.2.1,3.2.2,3.2.3,2.2.6,2.2.5,3.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910),grewupintheMississippiRiverfrontiertownofHannibal,Missouri.Twainsstylebasedonvigorous,realistic,colloquialAmericanspeechanewappreciationoftheirnationalvoice.firstmajorauthorcomingfromtheinteriorofthecountry;capturingitsdistinctive,humorousslangandiconoclasm.,Masterpiece,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnHucksinnerstrugglebetweenhissenseofguiltinhelpingJimtoescapeandprofoundconvictionthatJimisahumanbeing.Throughescape,hegetstoknowJimbetterandacceptsJimasbothahumanbeingandaloyalfriend.,3.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910)(cont.),OtherFamousNovels,TheAdventureofTomSawyer(1876)ThePrinceandthePauper(1882)LifeontheMississippi(1883)TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900)TheMysteriousStranger(1916),3.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910)(cont.),Contribution,makingcolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediuminliterature.influenceofhisstylesweepingacrosstheAmericanliteraryworld.far-reachingmakingSome20th-centurywritersacknowledgetheirindebtedness(受惠)toMarkTwain,3.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910)(cont.),bridgesthe19thand20thcenturiesandconnectsAmericaandEurope.“theinternationaltheme”themeetingofAmericaandEurope.Europeansmorecultured,moreconcernedwithart,andmoreawareofthesubtletiesofsocialsituationsAmericansmoralityandinnocence,3.2.2HenryJames(1843-1916),MajorWorks,TheAmerican(1877)DaisyMiller(1878)TheWingsoftheDove(1902)TheGoldenBowl(1904)ThePortraitofALady(1881),3.2.2HenryJames(1843-1916)(cont.),realismphotographicpicturesofexternalsbutincludesacentralconcernwith“motives”lificwriterdrama,poetryandnovelsinadditiontocriticism,travelogues(旅行见闻)andautobiography.masterpieceTheRiseofSilasLapham(1885),3.2.3WilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920),TheNaturalisticPeriod(1900-1914),IV,4.1Feature,Applyprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofictionanddrama.Viewinghumanbeingsasanimalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives.,TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945),Americanvaluesmaterialistichumanindividualisobsessedwithanever-ending,yetmeaninglesssearchforsatisfactionofhisdesires.MoneySexembracingsocialDarwinism“thesurvivalofthefittest”,4.2RepresentativeFigure,Masterpiece,SisterCarrie(1900)CarrieacountrygirllookingforabetterlifeinChicago.Drouettookherhomeasmistress.Hurstwood,Drouetsfriend,desertedfamilyandforcedhertorunawaywithhim.Carriebecameafamousactress;Hurstwoodcommittedsuicide.Dreisersnaturalisticpursuitexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeattackingtheconventionalmoralstandards.,4.2RepresentativeFigure(cont.),OtherWorks,Trilogy(三部曲)ofdesireTheFinancer(1912)TheTitan(1914)TheStoic(1945)masterpieceTheAmericanTragedy(1925),4.2RepresentativeFigure(cont.),TheModernPeriod(1914-1939),V,5.1LostGeneration,AmericanwriterscaughtinWWIandcutofffromtheoldvalues;unabletocometotermswiththenewera.,5.1.1,Q:WhatistheLostGeneration?,5.1.1F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940),TheGreatGatsbyamasterpieceinAmericanliterature.Gatsbydiscoversthedevastatingcostofsuccessintermsofpersonalfulfillmentandlove.Gatsbyslifepattern:first,adreamThen,disenchantment(觉醒)Finally,asenseoffailureanddespairendoftheAmericanDream,5.1.2EarnestHemingway(1899-1961),NobelPrizewinnermajorworksAFarewellToArms(1928)ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)TheOldManandtheSea(1952),5.1.2EarnestHemingway(1899-1961)(cont.),Hemingwaysworldchaoticandmeaninglessmanfightingasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotunderstand.Heropossessinga“despairingcourage”.thecourageenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity(灾祸).writingstylecolloquialismconcrete,specificwordscasualandconversationalshort,simplesentences,5.1.2EarnestHemingway(1899-1961)(cont.),5.2ModernPoetry,EzraPound(1885-1972)alinkbetweenUSandBritainImagism“image”somethingthat“presentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.”TheCantoshewroteandpublisheduntilhisdeath.,RepresentativeFigure,TheContemporaryPeriod(1939-),BlackWriters,6.1,LiteratureofModernSouth,6.4,VI,6.1BlackWriters,RichardWrightNativeSon(1940)RalphEllisonInvisibleMan(1952)JamesBaldwinGoTellItontheMountain(1954)readersconsciousofanoppressedracegroaningandstrugglingforsalvation,LangstonHughes(1902-1967),poetlaureate,literaryfigureofHarlemRenaissance.embracedAfrican-Americanjazzrhythmsandincorporatedblues,spirituals,colloquialspeech,andfolkwaysinhispoetry.mostbelovedpoem“TheNegroSpeaksofRivers”suggestingthat,likethegreatriversoftheworld,Africanculturewillendureanddeepen.,6.1BlackWriters(cont.),6.2Jewishwriters,JewishwritersnotonlyfocusuponJewishcharactersandsocialquestions,butalsobringadistinctivelyJewishsenseofhumortotheirnovels.YiddishlanguageusedbyEuropeanJewspreserveJewishculture,isolatedbutintact(完好的),untiltheearly20thcentury.,SaulBellow(1915-2005),WonNobelPrizein1976FamousworksDanglingMan(1944)TheVictim(1947)TheAdventuresofAugieMarch(1954)HendersontheRainKing(1959)Herzog(1964)Mr.SammlersPlanet(1970)HumboldtsGift(1975),6.2Jewishwriters(cont.),SaulBellow(1915-2005),6.2Jewishwriters(cont.),6.3TheBeatMovement,“beat”representinganon-conformist,rebelliousattitudetowardconventionalvaluesconcerningsex,religionandtheAmericanwayoflife,anattituderesultingfromthefeelingofdepressionandexhaustionandtheneedtoescapeintoanunconventional,communalmodeoflife.centralBeatwritersWilliamBurroughsAllenGinsbergJackKerouac,BeatWritersWorks,expressemotion“raw”,ratherthan“cooked”throughmemoryandtranslationintoart.representativeworksJackKerouacOntheRoad(1957),WilliamBurroughsNakedLunch(1959)AllenGinsbergHowl(1956),6.3TheBeatMovement(cont.),BeatWritersWorks,6.3TheBeatMovement(cont.),6.4LiteratureofModernSouth,WilliamFaulknerNobelPrizewinningnovelistMajorworksTheSoundandtheFury(1929)AsILayDying(1930)LightinAugust(1932)Absalom,Absalom!(1936)GoDown,Moses(1942)storiessetinasmallsoutherncounty,explorationofbasichumannatureandbasicpatternsofhumanbehaviormakethemenduringworksinworldliterature.,6.5WomensVoices,Feministmovementduringthe1960sand1970saffectedAmericancultureandwomensrelationshipwiththeoppositesex.,TonyMorrison(1931-),NobelPrizeforLiteraturein1993.exploredtheexperienceofblackwomeninaracistculture.famousnovelsTheBluestEye(1970)whenrecaptured,attemptedtokillherchildrenratherthanreturnthemtolifeofslavery.,6.5WomensVoices(cont.),AliceWalker(1944-),spokeforthewomensmovement,fortheanti-nuclearmovement.concernofherworkssexualandracialrealitieswithinblackcommunities;unavoidableconnectionsbetweenfamilyandsociety.,6.5WomensVoices(cont.),AliceWalkersMasterpiece,Fictionweavingbackandforththroughtimeandindividualperspectives.Charactersseekredemption,forgivenessandpeace.receivedthePulitzerPrizein1983forTheColorPurple.,6.5WomensVoices(cont.),AmyTan(1952-),Chinese-AmericanwriterportraysthelivesofChineseAmericandaughtersandtheirChineseimmigrantmothers.charactersconflictingemotionsbeingnative-bornAmericansofChineseancestry.NovelsTheJoyLuckClub(1989)TheKitchenGodsWife(1991)focusontherelationshipsbetweenmothersanddaughters.,6.5WomensVoices(cont.),6.6Drama,riseofAmericandramain20thcentury.Withtheopeningoftheatres,dramaturnedupasaninfluentialliteraryforminAmericanliterature.threerepresentativeplaywrights.,EugeneONeill(1888-1953),greatestplaywright,wonNobelPrizein1936.dramaseriousliteratureandwrotetragediesconsistently.wrote45playshighlyexperimentalinformandstyle;combiningliterarytheoriesofsymbolism,naturalismandexpressionism.greatinfluenceonlaterAmericanplaywrights.,6.6Drama(cont.),EugeneONeillsFamousPlays,BeyondtheHorizon(1920)TheHairyApe(1922)DesireUndertheElms(1924)TheIcemanCometh(1946)climaxofhiscareerLongDaysJourneyintoNight(1956)sensitiveartist.felt“thediscordant(不调和的),broken,faithlessrhythm”ofhistime;probingintotherootofhumandesiresandfrustrations;pess