英国文学期末复习要点.doc

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫(national epic民族史诗)采用了暗喻、押头韵手法。勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。后来他做了国王。一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤重而死。人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。3、The ancestors of the English are Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. 1066年诺曼人入侵，带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，也带来了一批说法语的贵族。古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响,本身也在起着变化,12世纪后发展为中古英语。文学上也出现了新风尚，盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇，它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，其中艺术性高的有Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士与绿衣骑士。它用头韵体诗写成，内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。2、传奇：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情，表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或为了赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由）1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、the first great poet who wrote in purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言)3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体 4、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 (英国文学史的开端) 内容：The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体。 特点：Each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。The story was endowed with what medieval romance lacked-interest of character as well as incident. 观点：He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。主要故事: The Knights Tale The Pardoners Tale The Merchants Tale The Wife of Bath四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期 1、Background: (Renaissance started in Italy in 14th century)工商业、城市的复兴地理大发现(Geographical Discoveries)、科学技术的发展海上殖民主义和资本主义生产关系的出现古希腊罗马文化的发现以城市为中心、以市民为支柱的工商金融体系军事上与西班牙决战Political: Feudal nobility lost much of their power, with the centralization of political and military power that came with the establishment of the great monarchies necessary for the development of capitalism. (The New Monarchy)Another form of political struggle is The Reformation of the church. Catholicism was at first challenged and then was replaced by Protestantism.Economic: Geographical Discoveries (commercial expansion and broadening the mental horizons) in the commercial expansion, Spain was the rival with England over the sea. At last a war broke out in 1588. it ended with the rout of the Spanish fleet “Armada”. In the cities the merchants and the master artisans grew in wealth, while in the countryside the peasants were badly exploited. They either rose in uprisings or ran away to the cities to add to the factory workers. (The Enclosure Movement)Cultural: In the literary field, the so-called revival of learning includes the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature and philosophy. There was the growing interest in man and the infinite capabilities of man against implicit faith in God.2、主要文学成就：drama: Christopher Marlowe(1478-1535)马洛、William Shakespeare(1564-1616)lyrical poetry抒情诗:Thomas Wyatt(1503?-1542)、Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)prose essay: Francis Bacon(1561-1626)、Thomas More(1478-1535)、Thomas Nashe(1567-1602)Christopher Marlowe made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.Edmund Spenser：poets poet(诗人中的诗人) Francis Bacon: 书上的Of Truth、Of Studies均选自Essays论文集Thomas Wyatt: the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature引入十四行诗的第一人韵脚排列规律：ABABCDCDEFEFGG(P118为例)3、William Shakespeare 四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗King Lear李尔王The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白 四大喜剧：A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night第十二夜 十四行诗P118赏析Sonnet 18: 或许我可用夏日将你作比方/但你比夏日更可爱也更温良/夏风狂作常会摧落五月的娇蕊/夏季的期限也未免还不太长/有时候天眼如炬人间酷热难当/但转瞬又金面如晦常惹云遮雾障/每一种美都终究会凋残零落/或见弃于机缘，或受挫于天道无常/然而你永恒的夏季却不会终止/你优美的形象也永远不会消亡/死神难夸口说你在它罗网中游荡/只因你借我的诗行便可长寿无疆/只要人口能呼吸，人眼看得清/我这诗就长存，使你万世流芳Theme：The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves and eulogizes.Shall I compare you to a summers day?/You are more beautiful and gentle./Stormy winds will shake the May flowers,/and summer lasts for too short of a time./Sometimes the sun is too hot,/and many times it is overcast,/and everything beautiful eventually decays,/either by some unforseen circumstance, or natures course./But your beauty will never fade/or lose its inherent loveliness,/even Death will not be able to claim you,/when in my eternal poetry you will grow./As long as there are people who see and breathe,/this will live and give you life.Sonnet 29: 当我受尽命运和人们的白眼/暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零/徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞆的昊天/顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰/愿我和另一个一样富于希望/面貌相似，又和他一样广交游/希求这人的渊博，那人的内行/最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头/可是，当我正要这样看轻自己/忽然想起了你，于是我的精神/便像云雀破晓从阴霾的大地/振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门/一想起你的爱使我那么富有/和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就Theme：The poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. Here Shakespeare is supposed to reveal his own thoughts and feelings, especially in the first octet.Sonnet 106:当我从那湮远的古代的纪年/发见那绝代风流人物的写真/艳色使得古老的歌咏也香艳/颂赞着多情骑士和绝命佳人/于是，从那些国色天姿的描画/无论手脚、嘴唇、或眼睛或眉额/我发觉那些古拙的笔所表达/恰好是你现在所占领的姿色/所以他们的赞美无非是预言/我们这时代，一切都预告着你/不过他们观察只用想象的眼/还不够才华把你歌颂得尽致/而我们，幸而得亲眼看见今天/只有眼惊羡，却没有舌头咏叹对 哈姆雷特独白P76的理解：(可能是以paraphrase的形式考)他想摆脱那腐朽的皮囊，逃离那牢狱似的世界，但又对黑暗的王国心怀恐惧。矛盾重重的哈姆雷特在焦灼的内心和冷酷的现实之间不得安宁。译文：生存或毁灭, 这是个必答之问题:是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击,还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。此二抉择, 就竟是哪个较崇高?死即睡眠, 它不过如此!倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患,那么, 此结局是可盼的!死去, 睡去. 但在睡眠中可能有梦, 啊, 这就是个阻碍:当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,在死之长眠中会有何梦来临?它令我们踌躇,使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾,否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨,如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱,假如他能简单的一刃了之?还有谁会肯去做牛做马, 终生疲於操劳,默默的忍受其苦其难, 而不远走高飞, 飘於渺茫之境,倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前?此境乃无人知晓之邦, 自古无返者。The question is to live or not to live. Is it nobler to suffer the outrageous misfortunes or to oppose those misfortunes and end my life? I wish very much to die and no longer suffer the heartaches and natural shocks that exist. When we are dead it is possible that we can no longer dream, but when we sleep we can dream. There is no reason to suffer through life for so long. Who would want to suffer all the things that are bad in life, and there is so much; unrequited love, the lack of efficient law, poor leadership. The patient man can not handle all of this and instead wants to take matters into his own hand even with a simple dagger. This would relieve the stresses that are suffered. But we do not know what awaits us in the after-life and this is what is so frightening. No one has ever returned from death and this is why it is so frightening. When we die we go someplace that we are not familiar with and join people whom we are not familiar with. This is why we are all afraid of death, and so the person who thinks about this situation does not know what to do. We are afraid of the action that we take causing death. But wait, What about Ophelia, the spirit. May my sins be remembered forever!The character of Hamlet:Hamlet was a humanist, a man who is from medieval prejudices and superstitions.Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.His intellectual genius is outstanding.Hamlets melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.Hamlet is not a mere scholar, and his nature is by no means meditative. On the contrary, Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, solider and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.五、The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17C) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟1、革命时间:16401689年 复辟时间:1660年 曲折过程:Common interests conflictThe clashes between the King and parliament1642年,英国资产阶级革命后的20年里,英国政局动荡,战火连绵不断。以克伦威尔Oliver Cromwell为代表的资产阶级极权统治未能平息统治阶层内部及统治阶级与劳动人民之间的矛盾。克伦威尔斯后,斯图亚特王朝卷土重来,查理二世Charles于1660年登上王位,这就是王政复辟(The Restoration,16601688)。2、文学特点：English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.3、代表人物：John Donne(1572?-1631)约翰.多恩“metaphysical” poets玄学派诗人的代表人物A. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images or “conceits奇喻”.-energetic, rough, or uneven movement, unlike the studied elegance, sweetness, and smoothness of 16th century verse-elaborate, strained, or far-fetched “conceits奇喻”-dazzling displays of wit-a tendency toward logical argumentation or the structure of an argument in a poem-an interest in philosophical questions and speculationB. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning别离辞:莫伤悲（爱情精神与肉体的统一）所涉及的有玄学派特色的意象:compasses、golden beaten(金箔)圆规的意象是玄学派诗人最著名的比喻，多恩把夫妻双方的作圆规的两脚。女方是定脚，永远在中心，但是当男方开始转动的时候，女方也随之旋转，这表明男女双方互相理解，互相支撑，忠贞于彼此。John Milton(1608-1674)约翰.弥尔顿（气势磅礴）The indomitable Puritan sprit finds its noblest expression in him.诗歌：Paradise Lost失乐园(反抗上帝、对自由的渴望)Paradise Regained复乐园戏剧：Samson Agonistes力士参孙Shorter poems: LAllegro快乐颂;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Lycidas利西达斯Comus酒神之假面舞会Principal pamphlets: Areopagitica论出版自由: attacks the censorship of the press and appeals for the freedom of the pressEikonoklastes偶像破坏者: justifies the execution of Charles IDefense for the English People为英国人民声辩: a defense of the Commonwealth and RevolutionSonnet: On His Deceased Wife(唯一的爱情诗) On His BlindnessJohn Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬:The Pilgrims Progress天路历程John Dryden(1631-1700):critic、poet、playwright六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动 1、时间:发源于意大利，鼎盛于18C法国。2、观点：(对宗教与以往不同的见解解)The Enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.反封建、反教会的思想比文艺复兴人文主义文学具有更强烈的政治性和革命性。作家以自由、平等、天赋、人权等理性原则全面批判封建统治.(struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism)3、Purpose：to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical & artistic ideas4、背景:辉格党(the liberal Whigs)托利党(the conservative Tories)争夺政权 Public coffeehouses and private clubs appeared.创作特点：多为小册子、现实主义小说。5、文学：the reign of so-called classicism/neoclassicism所谓的古典主义/新古典主义Richard Steele(1672-1729)：The SpectatorJoseph Addison(1672-1719)Alexander Pope(1688-1744)the revival of romantic poetry/pre-romanticism前浪漫主义William Blake(1757-1827): Song of Innocence天真之歌 书上London、The Tiger、The Chimney Sweeper均节选自Song of Experience经验之歌Robert Burns(1759-1796):用苏格兰方言书写, 苏格兰民族诗人、农民诗人,著有Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集the beginnings of the modern novelA. realistic novelDaniel Defoe(1661-1731)、Henry Fielding(1707-1754)、Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)B. sentimentalismLaurence Sterne(1713-1768): Sentimental Journey感伤之旅Tristram ShandyThomas Gray(1716-1771):Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌6、Daniel Defoe英国小说之父Robinson Crusoe全名:The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeThe writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to the molding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. 鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象，具有很高的劳动热情，是早期殖民者的象征。采用第一人称自述方式。Captain Singleton辛格尔顿船长Colonel Jack杰克上校Moll Flanders摩尔弗兰德斯7、Henry Fielding戏剧家 小说家The History of Tom Jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事(his best work)主要人物：Tom Jones: frank, kind, disinterested, sterlingSophia Western: brave and admirableBlifil: sly, perfidious8、Jonathan Swift（irony反讽)Gullivers Travels（儿童幻想剧小说）四部分A Voyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa/ Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他/智马国游记)Lilliput:抨击英国托利党和辉格党的斗争和对外的战争，对政客们的勾心斗角予以辛辣讽刺。Brobdingnag:怀疑和否定英国各种制度及政教措施，同时讽刺了同时代的欧洲国家的政治。Laputa:讽刺英国哲学家，脱离实际、沉溺于幻想的科学家，荒诞不经的发明家和颠倒黑白的评论家和史学家等。Houyhnhnms:揭露了战争的实质、法律的虚伪和不择手段以获得公爵地位的可耻行为等。(They are malicious, spiteful, envious, unclean and greedy.)小册子:A Modest Proposal一个谦虚的建议The Drapiers Letters布商的信长篇小说：The Battle of the Books书的战争 The Tale of a Tub一只桶的故事各时期主要作家及作品：The Anglo-Saxon period：The Song of BeowulfThe Anglo-Norman period：Sir Gawain and the Green KnightGeoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury TalesThe Renaissance：drama: Christopher Marlowe; William Shakespearelyrical poetry: Thomas Wyatt; Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queenpr