笔译资格证考试3级试题.doc

niA New Nation At the beginning of the 20th century, Australia was an open and democratic new world society. In the absence of a strongly defined aristocracy or ruling class, there was a sense that one person was as good as another. It was commonly held that people made what they could of themselves, given their abilities. The Commonwealth of Australia was found in 1901 through the proclamation of the Constitution for the Federation of six states. The founders of Federation believed that they were creating something new and were concerned to avoid the pitfalls of the old world. They wanted Australia to be harmonious, united and egalitarian. They had progressive ideas about human rights, observance of democratic procedures and the value of a secret ballot. They drew the line on matters of race, however; one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Parliament was to pass the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which ensured that immigrants would be of Primarily European origin. (The White Australia policy was gradually dismantled after World War II until by the mid-1970s it was totally abolished. Australia now has a non-discriminatory migration policy.) Numerous diverse links with Britain existed, which many people continued to regard as the mother country. Australias constitutional links with Britain have been progressively loosened since that time. The great champion of Federation was Sir Henry Parkes, who believed that Australia was ready for unity because of the vigor, the industry, the enterprise, the foresight, and the creative skill of its people.宋朝公元960年，一个新兴势力，宋（公元960-1279），再次统一了中国大部分地区。但在1127年宋朝廷因没能打退游牧民族的入侵而被迫放弃北方。所以宋朝又被分成北宋（公元960-1127）和南宋（公元1127-1279）两个阶段。宋朝的创始人建立了有效的中央集权制；广泛任用民间的学术文人；地方的军事官员及其党羽都被中央任命的官员所替代。这种官员体系使得宋朝的权力比以往任何朝代都更集中在皇帝和官僚机构手中。宋朝在城市发展方面是非常显著的，这不单指其在管理上的职能，而且还包括其作为贸易、工业和海上贸易的中心的职能。在文化方面，宋朝在过去几百年的基础上又发展了，这些发展不仅包括唐朝的思想、还包括历史文献、绘画、书法、及光滑的瓷器等。新国家的诞生 早在20世纪初期，澳大利亚就是一个开放民主的“新世界”。这里没有强大的贵族或统治阶级，只有人人平等的观念。人们崇尚人尽其才，充分实现自我。 通过宣布六州联邦宪法，澳大利亚联邦宣告成立。联邦元老们相信他们是在开创新的局面，同时也注意避免重蹈旧世界的覆辙。他们想建立一个和睦、统一、平等的澳大利亚。他们有着关于人权的先进思想，遵守民主程序，推崇不记名投票法。 然而，他们在种族问题上却区别对待；新成立的联邦议会通过的第一批法案中就包括1901年移民限定法，该法规定外来移民必须得是欧洲血统。（二战后，逐渐“白澳”政策，直到20世纪70年代中期才彻底废除。如今，澳大利亚奉行的是无种族歧视政策。）澳大利亚仍与英国保持着千丝万缕的关系，因为很多当地人视其为他们的“祖国”。但自从联邦政府成立以来，澳大利亚与英国在宪法上的联系逐渐变得松散。 亨利帕克爵士是联邦政府伟大的捍卫者，他认为澳大利亚已经具备了统一的条件，因为她的人民充满活力、勤劳进取、富有远见和创造力。The Song DynastyIn960, anewpower,Song(960-1279),reunifiedthe greatofChinaProper. However, the Songcourt failed to beat off thenomadicinvaders and was forcedabandonnorthernChinain1127, thus the Song Dynasty decides into two phases: Northern Song(960-1127) and Southern Song(1127-1279). ThefoundersoftheSongdynasty builtaneffectivecentralizedbureaucracy which is appointing with many civilianscholar-officials; regional military officers and their supporters were replacedbythe officialsappointed by the central government authority. This system of civil service led to agreaterconcentrationof poweroftheemperorandhisbureaucracythanthe previousdynasties.TheSongdynastyisnotable forthedevelopmentofcities, it is not only in the terms of administrative functions but also as centers of trade,industry,andmaritimecommerce.Culturally, theSongdynasty achieved further developments on the basis of thepreviouscenturies.These developments include not only the Tang thought, but also historicalwritings,painting,calligraphy,glazedporcelain, etc.It Takes Years to Learn English Well Confucius said, Since the age of 15, I have devoted myself to learning; since 30, I have been well established; since 40, I have understood many things and have no longer been confused; since 50, I have known my heaven-sent duty; since 60, I have been able to distinguish right and wrong in other peoples words; and since 70, I have been able to do what I intend freely without breaking the rules.The average life expectancy at the Spring and Autumn Periods and Warring States Periods was, according to some research, about 19 years. Confucius lived 72 to 73 years, a rare god of longevity indeed. It was even hard for those with power and leisure to reach such an age. Therefor, Confucius could be very well learned, far from what an ordinary person could expect at his times. The latest statistics in 2001 shows that the world life expectancy is 62.27 with the Japanese taking the lead to be 79.66 while China gaining a position surpassing all developing countries by its 69.98. However, the Chinese have not yet reached the age to do what they intend freely without breaking the rules. Thus, rules are hard not to be broken. Calculated in the terms Confucius set for us in learning, those of us who have been learning English for ten years still have a long way to go before reaching the time to be established. To have no confusion, one has to spend 25 years. To truly understand the purpose of English learning, one has to do it for 35 years. It takes 45 years if one wants to distinguish right and wrong in other peoples words. And 55 years to manipulate English language freely without breaking the rules.学好英语要用多少年子曰：“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心欲，不逾矩。”据研究表明，春秋战国时期人均预期寿命为19岁。孔夫子活了七十二、三岁，是少有的寿星。即使是当时位高权重、安逸自得的人也很难如此高寿。因此孔夫子博学多才，在当时也是一般人所望尘莫及的。2011年最新数据统计表明，世界人均预期寿命为62.27，日本人最长寿，达79.66，而中国人均寿命也达69.98，超过所有发展中国家。然而，中国人尚未达到不逾矩而随心所欲的年龄。看来，不逾矩真是很难啊！若以孔子志于学的时间来看，我们学了10年英语，还算不了什么，离而立之年还差得很远。要达到不惑得学25年。要真正懂得学习英语的目的，得学35年。要能辨别他人话语的正误得学45年。要达到不逾矩而随心所欲地运用英语得学55年。Universities and EmploymentIt seems that Kinjal Bhuptani is lucky to study business in the financial capital of one of the hottest economies in the whole world. However, she has no ambition in sharing Indias economic prosperity when she graduated from a second-rate college in Mumbai this spring. The graduates from best-known universities will find a $1000,000-a-year jobs at Goldman Sachs Microsoft, but she is more likely to find a $4-a-day job by selling credit cards from door to door.If we think Bhuptani is in error, the effect of her error is not getting into one of the Indias most famous universities like the India Institute of Management or India Institute of Technology. The students graduated from those good ones can get well-paid jobs on Wall Street and in Sillicon Valley, and join some of the worlds largest companies.In the shadow of those famous universities, the 11 million students in the 18,000 colleges and universities in India, most of them receive inferior training which pays more attention to obedience but less on marketable skills. Students, educators and business leaders say. Experts say, the problem is classroom environment that the students receive baby-like training when they are more than 20-year-old. This kind of training emphasizes silent note-taking and discipline but not analysis, debate and persuasion.大学与就业金贾尔布塔妮似乎运气不错，目前一直在全球经济最热的国家的金融之都研读商业。但是，在孟买一所二流高校上学的她，对春天毕业时分享印度经济繁荣的成果不抱任何奢望。名牌高校的毕业生可在高盛公司和微软公司找到年薪十万美元的工作，但等着她的可能更多的那种挨家挨户出售信用卡每天只挣四美元的工作。如果说布塔妮有错的话，错就错在她没能上印度最有名的高校，如印度管理学院和印度理工大学。那些上了名牌高校的人可以在华尔街和硅谷获得报酬丰厚的工作，可以加盟世界上最大的一些公司。学生、教育家和商界领导人说，在这些名校的阴影下，在印度1.8万所高校的1100万名学生中，大部分接受的都是低质量的教育，这种教育注重顺从，轻视教受市场有用的技能。专家说，问题出在了课堂环境上，学生们直到20多岁了还在接受幼儿化教育方式的培训，强调默默记笔记和课堂纪律，而忽视了分析、辩论和说服能力的培养。通常非言语交际犯的错误比言语交际犯的错误更难避免。例如，国家不同，适当目光交交的频度也要改变。与日本人谈判时，我在谈判桌上学会了与对方的目光错 开，而不是一直盯着看。东南亚人也觉得直视着对方不礼貌。在我出差去新加坡的第一周里，秘书紧张地问我说：“老板，为什么总是这么凶巴巴的看着我们？”在 东亚和东南亚地区，你要学会用目光间接交流，而在地中海、西亚、拉丁美洲地区做生意，你必须忘记这种方式。如果你用目光间接交流，那么会理解成你是一个不 真诚、甚至是不诚实的人。Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal mistakes are often more difficult to avoid than verbal ones. For example, the amount of appropriate eye contact varies according to the country. When negotiating with the Japanese, I have learned to use intermittent eye contact across the bargaining table rather than staring directly. Southeast Asians also find an intense gaze unpleasant. During my first week on assignment in Singapore, my secretary nervously asked me, Boss, why do you always look at us so fiercely? While you may learn to use an indirect gaze in East and Southeast Asia, you have to unlearn that lesson when doing business in the Mediterranean region, West Asia, and Latin America. These expressive people believe to demonstrate interest in the windows of the soul. They want to look you in the eye to demonstrate interest in the discussion and to show that they are honest and sincere. If you use indirect eye contact, you may be regarded as insincere- perhaps even dishonest. Appropriate eye contact is also important socially. In the U.S., people generally look straight ahead while walking side-by-side with a friend. But in the more expressive societies of southern Europe, such behavior will be considered cold and impersonal. In those countries, people prefer to read you eyes and facial expressions as they talk to you. Anther important consideration is being lsensitive of peoples space, which varies according to the culture. For example, two U.S. Businessmen meeting for the first time will stand about an arms length apart while two Arab men may stand almost face-to-face. For West Asian, being kept at arms length signals unfriendliness. Another variable aspect of body languages is touch behavior, which differs greatly even between such close neighbors as the British and the French. Researchers recently videotaped couples in Paris and London cafes and counted the number of times touched each other in one hour. They recorded an average of about 100 touches per hour in Paris and no touching at all in London. 非语言交际非语言交际中出现的错误往往比语言交际中出现的错误更难避免。比如说：在不同的国家，眼神交流的次数就有所不同。当与日本人谈判时，我学会了应该不时地与对方进行眼神交流，而不是死盯着对方。东南亚的人也对直视感到不舒服。当我在新加坡工作的第一周，我的秘书就紧张地问我：“老板，为什么您总是很严厉地盯着我们？”在东亚，东南亚这些地区你就得学会去直视对方，而在与地中海、西亚和拉丁美洲的人谈生意时你就得刻意忘记这些。这些面部表情被视为“心灵的窗户”。他们直视你表示他们对谈话感兴趣，还表示诚实和忠诚。如果你不直视对方，你就会被认为是不忠诚甚至是不诚实。恰当的眼神交流对于人际交往也是很重要的。在美国，当和朋友肩并肩走的时候，人们通常是直视前方。但在善于表达感情的南欧人来看，这种行为被视为冷酷和不近人情。在这些国家，他们更喜欢在交谈时读懂你眼神和面部表情所表达的意思。根据不同文化的差异，另一个重要的方面是注意谈话人之间的距离。比如说：两位美国商人初次见面时就会保持一臂的距离，而当位名阿拉伯人几乎是脸贴着脸。而在西亚，保持一臂之距通常表示不友好。另一个形体语言的不同点是身体触摸习惯，这对于即使相邻很近的英法两国来说都相差甚远。研究人员最近正对巴黎和伦敦咖啡馆里的情侣进行拍摄，计算他们在每一个小时内触摸的次数。记录显示：在巴黎，情侣每小时触摸100次左右，而在伦敦，一次都没有。中国传统文化中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。 从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有他的许多珍贵品，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情操，“民为邦本”、“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲，勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳、勤俭持家、尊师重道的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭、对国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。Traditional Chinese CultureThe traditional Chinese culture is extensive and profound, which survives from earlier times. In China, More than 2,000 years ago, it has emerged Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and other theories and doctrines that figured remarkably in the history of Chinese thought, all under the famous term ”the masters hundred school”.From Confucius to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the traditional Chinese culture has many precious ideas and qualities, which focus on populist and democratic. For example, they emphasize the importance of kindness and love in human relations, the interests of community, seeking harmony without uniformity and a belief in one world for all mankind. Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying “everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country, people are more important than the monarch”; the code of “dont do to others what you dont others do to you”; and the traditional virtues of “endurance and hard work, diligence and frugality in household management, and respecting teachers and education”. Those traditional virtues are taught generations by generations. All these have played a great role in unifying and regulating the family, society and the nation. 医疗卫生在卫生方面，政府用于医疗卫生（health care）支出五年累计6294亿元，比前五年增长1.27倍。重点加强公共卫生（the public health service）和医疗服务建设，覆盖城乡、功能比较齐全的疾病预防控制体系基本建成。国家规划的免疫（immunity）疾病由7种扩大到15种，对艾滋病、结核病（tuberculosis）等重大传染病（communicable disease）患者实施免费救治。国家安排资金改造和新建1.88万所乡镇(town and township)卫生院、786所县医院、285所县中医院（traditional Chinese medicine hospital）和534所县妇幼保健院（health center for women and children），为1.17万个乡镇卫生院配备了医疗设备，农村医疗卫生条件明显改善。全国建立了2.4万多个社区卫生服务机构，新型城市医疗卫生服务体系进一步健全。人口和计划生育事业取得新进展，低生育水平继续保持稳定。人民健康水平不断提高，婴儿死亡率和孕产妇死亡率（infant and maternal mortality rates）明显下降，去年人均期望寿命达到73岁，对于我们这样一个有13亿多人口的发展中国家是了不起的成就。SleeplessnessEver daydreaming during a meeting, jerk(突扭) awake while at your computer, or snooze(打盹) through part of a TV show? Millions of Americans do, and thats cause for concern. A recent poll by the National Sleep Foundation, a nonprofit research group in Washington, found that two-thirds of the US population gets less than the recommended hours of sleep at night. That means sleeplessness is of “epidemic proportions in this country,” says Dr. William Dement, director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Stanford University School of Medicine.Whether its the result of insomnia （失眠）or todays burn-the-midnight-oil lifestyle, not getting enough sleep leads to poor judgment, lack of creativity, impaired memory, even depression. It also can make you more vulnerable to viral and bacterial infections. Researchers at the University of Chicago have found that inadequate sleep over just six nights impairs metabolic and hormonal functions. Over time, this can provoke the onset or increase the severity of hypertension and Type diabetes, the more common from of that disease.For some people, however, the problem is not so much setting aside time to sleep as falling asleep. Wakefulness is often the result of bad sleep habits. Sleeping in for hours on weekends, for example, confuses the bodys internal clock and leads to wide-eyed nights and groggy （不稳的；蹒跚摇晃的）mornings. So will long naps, although short ones (20 minutes or so) to pay back sleep lost the night before or in anticipation of a late night are OKTo train your body to get sleep more easily, try these tips:1. Stick to a regular schedule.2. Try to avoid intense mental activities such as studying your stock portfolio before bedtime. Instead, consider deep breathing, yoga, or light stretching to alleviate the days stress. Experts also advise keeping a notepad on your nightstand to jot down worries to be dealt with the next day. Following the same routine night before bedtime seems to help prepare both the mind and body for sleep.3. Give yourself a physical environment. Drown out disturbing noise and create a soothing background. Keep it cool- people usually sleep best in rooms that are between 65 and 69 F. And make sure your bed is comfortable and has plenty of room. Sleep experts urge couples to consider a king so they wont disturb each other at night.Competitive Sports Build Character Education is an important theme in youth athletics in the US. Young kids, energetic, rambunctious, cooped up in class, yearn for the relative freedom of the football field, the basketball court, the baseball diamond. They long to kick and throw things and tackle each other, and the fields of organized play offer a place in which to act out these impulses. Kids are basically encouraged, after all, to beat each other up on the football field. Yet for all the chaos, adult guidance and supervision are never far off, and time spent on the athletic fields is meant to be productive. Conscientious coaches seek to impart lessons in teamwork, self-sacrifice, competition, gracious winning and losing. Teachers at least want their pupils worn out so theyll sit still in reading class.By the time children start competing for spots on junior high soccer teams or tennis squads, the kid gloves have come off to some extent. The athletic fields become less a place to learn about soft values like teamwork than about hard self-discipline and competition. Competitiveness, after all, is prized highly by Americans, perhaps more so than by other peoples. For a child, being cut from the hockey team or denied a spot on the swimming is a grave disappointment - and perhaps an opportunity for emotional or spiritual growth.High school basketball or football teams are place where the ethos of competition is given still stronger emphasis. Although high school coaches still consider themselves educators, the sports they oversee are not simple extensions of the classroom. They are important social institutions, for football games bring people together. In much of the US they are events where young people and their elders mingle and see how the community is evolving.For the best players, the progression from little league to junior high to high school leads to a scholarship at a big-name college and maybe, one day, a shot at the pros. College athletes are ostensibly student-athletes, an ideal that suggests a balance between the intellectual rigors of the university and the physical rigors of the playing field. The reality is skewed heavily in favor of athletics. One would be hard-pressed to show that major US college sports are about education. Coaches require far too much of players time to be truly concerned with anything other than performance in sport. Too often, the players they recruit seem to care little about school themselves. 竞技体育塑造品格教育是美国青少年体育运动的重要主题。被关在在教室里的小孩子们精力旺盛，不服管教。他们渴望在橄榄球场、篮球场或是棒球场上获得自由。孩子们极想踢啊、扔啊，相互打闹，而有组织的比赛场地为孩子们提供了发泄一股股冲动的地方。孩子们在橄榄球场上相互厮杀基本上还是受到鼓励的。尽管场面一片混乱，但大人的指导和监督始终贯穿其间。而且，在体育竞技场上花费时间，必定有所收获。敬业的教练会尽力把协作、自我牺牲、竞争、胜不骄败不馁等精神传授给孩子们。老师们至少希望他们在球场上累得精疲力竭，这样就会老老实实地坐在教室里上课了。等到孩子们上了初中，为入选校足球队或网球队竞争时，就脱掉了几分稚气。运动场则更多地成为硬性的提高自身水平与竞争的场所，学习软性的价值观如团结协作则减弱了。竞争精神受到美国人的高度重视，也许比别的国家的人更重视这种精神。美国孩子若是被曲棍球队刷下来或是没能加入游泳队，会神色黯然，十分沮丧，但这使其情绪、精神逐渐走向成熟也可能是个好机会。高中的篮球队或橄榄球队更加强调竞争精神。虽然高中教练们仍认为自己是教育者，但并不把体育看作课堂的简单延伸。体育成为重要的社会大课堂，比如橄榄球比赛就使人们聚在一起。在美国大部分地区，这项体育赛事使年轻人和比自己年长的人彼此融合，从中能看到这一群体的演变过程。最优秀的球员，从小学生联赛到初中、高中不断进步，就会得到名牌大学的奖学金。而且可能在某一天成为职业球员。大学运动员表面上是学生运动员，这一称呼是一种理念，体现了大学严谨学识与竞技场强健体魄之间的和谐统一，但现实