口译笔译真题.doc

2017年下半年CATTI三笔真题英译汉：It was just one word in one email, but it triggered huge financial losses for a multinational company.The message, written in English, was sent by a native speaker to a colleague for whom English was a second language. Unsure of the word, the recipient found two contradictory meanings in his dictionary. He acted on the wrong one.Months later, senior management investigated why the project had flopped, costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. “It all traced back to this one word,” says Chia Suan Chong, a UK-based communications skills and intercultural trainer, who didnt reveal the tricky word because it is highly industry-specific and possibly identifiable. “Things spiralled out of control because both parties were thinking the opposite.”When such misunderstandings happen, its usually the native speakers who are to blame. Ironically, they are worse at delivering their message than people who speak English as a second or third language, according to Chong.A lot of native speakers are happy that English has become the worlds global language. They feel they dont have to spend time learning another language,” says Chong.The non-native speakers, it turns out, speak more purposefully and carefully, typical of someone speaking a second or third language. Anglophones, on the other hand, often talk too fast for others to follow, and use jokes, slang and references specific to their own culture, says Chong.“The native English speaker is the only one who might not feel the need to accommodate or adapt to the others,” she adds.With non-native English speakers in the majority worldwide, its Anglophones who may need to up their game.“Native speakers are at a disadvantage when you are in a lingua franca situation,” where English is being used as a common denominator, says Jennifer Jenkins, professor of global Englishes at the UKs University of Southampton. “Its the native English speakers that are having difficulty understanding and making themselves understood.”Non-native speakers generally use more limited vocabulary and simpler expressions, without flowery language or slang. And then theres cultural style, Blattner says. When a Brit reacts to a proposal by saying, “Thats interesting” a fellow Brit might recognise this as understatement for, “Thats rubbish.” But other nationalities would take the word “interesting” on face value, he says.“English speakers with no other language often have a lack of awareness of how to speak English internationally.”In Berlin, Coulter saw German staff of a Fortune 500 company being briefed from their Californian HQ via video link. Despite being competent in English, the Germans gleaned only the gist of what their American project leader said. So among themselves they came up with an agreed version, which might or might not have been what was intended by the California staff.“Too many non-Anglophones, especially the Asians and the French, are too concerned about not losing face and nod approvingly while not getting the message at all,” he says.Thats why Nerriere devised Globish a distilled form of English, stripped down to 1,500 words and simple but standard grammar. “Its not a language, its a tool,” he says. Since launching Globish in 2004 hes sold more than 200,000 Globish text books in 18 languages.“If you can communicate efficiently with limited, simple language you save time, avoid misinterpretation and you dont have errors in communication,” Nerriere says.When trying to communicate in English with a group of people with varying levels of fluency, its important to be receptive and adaptable, tuning your ears into a whole range of different ways of using English, Jenkins says.“People whove learned other languages are good at doing that, but native speakers of English generally are monolingual and not very good at tuning in to language variation,” she says.In meetings, Anglophones tend to speed along at what they consider a normal pace, and also rush to fill gaps in conversation, according to Steggles.He recommends making the same point in a couple of different ways and asking for some acknowledgement, reaction or action.汉译英：气候变化已不是单纯的环境保护问题，而成为人类生存与发展问题。中国需要改变以煤为主的能源结构和高污染、高能耗的产业结构，以治理环境和应对全球气候变化。同时，积极应对气候变化也是中国参与全球治理的责任，也是实现可持续发展的迫切需要。中国作为世界最大的发展中国家，需要积极推动经济与能源的转型，以推动全球可持续发展。长期以来，中国高度重视气候变化问题，把积极应对气候变化作为国家经济社会发展的重大战略，把绿色低碳发展作为生态文明建设的重要内容，采取了一系列行动，为应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献。2009年向国际社会宣布：到2020年单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%45%，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到15%左右，森林面积比2005年增加4000万公顷，森林蓄积量比2005年增加13亿立方米。中国还将继续主动适应气候变化，在农业、林业、水资源等重点领域和城市、沿海、生态脆弱地区形成有效抵御气候变化风险的机制和能力，逐步完善预测预警和防灾减灾体系。2017年下半年CATTI二笔真题英译汉-passage 1Youve temporarily misplaced your cell phone and anxiously retrace your steps to try to find it. Or perhaps you never let go of your phoneits always in your hand, your pocket, or your bag, ready to be answered or consulted at a moments notice. When your battery life runs down at the end of the day, you feel that yours is running low as well. New research shows that theres a psychological reason for such extreme phone dependence: According to the attachment theory, for some of us, our phone serves the same function as the teddy bear we clung to in childhood.Attachment theory proposes that our early life experiences with parents responsible for our well-being, are at the root of our connections to the adults with whom we form close relationships. Importantly, attachment in early life can extend to inanimate objects. Teddy bears, for example, serve as “transitional objects.” The teddy bear, unlike the parent, is always there. We extend our dependence onparents to these animals, and use them to help us move to an independent sense of self.A cell phone has the potential to be a “compensatory attachment” object. Although phones are often castigated for their addictive potential, scientists cite evidence that supports the idea that “healthy, normal adults also report significant emotional attachment to special objects”Indeed, cell phones have become a pervasive feature of our lives: The number of cell phone users exceeds the total population of the planet. The average amount of mobile or smartphone use in the U.S. is 3.3 hours per day. People also like to be near their phones: A 2013 survey cited by the Hungarian team. Nearly as many people report being distressed when theyre separated from their phone.Phones have distinct advantages. They can be kept by your side and they provide a social connection to the people you care about. Even if youre not talking to your friends, lover, or family, you can keep their photos close by, read their messages, and follow them on social media. You can track them in real time but also look back on memorable moments together. These channels help you “feel less alone”.英译汉-passage 2Many countries have adopted the principle of sustainable development it can combat gaginst environment deterioration in air quality, water quality and .viable role for every member in the world. production .health education in developing countries. But some argue that its a vague idea, some organizations may use it in its own interests, whether environmental or economic is the nature of interests. Others argue that sustainable development in developing countries overlook the local customs,habitude and people.Whereas interdependence is desirable during times of peace, war necessitates competition and independence. Tariffs and importation limits strengthen a countrys economic vitality while potentially weakening the economies of its enemies. Moreover, protectionism in the weapons industry is highly desirable during such circumstances because reliance on another state for armaments can be fatal.For the most part, economists emphasize the negative effects of protectionism. It reduces international trade and raises prices for consumers. In addition, domestic firms that receive protection have less incentive to innovate. Although free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business, the displaced workers and resources are ultimately allocated to other areas of the economy.Imposing quotas is a method used to protect trade, since foreign companies cannot ship more products regardless of how low they set their prices. Countries that hope to help a new industry thrive locally often impose quotas on imported goods. They believe that such restrictions allow entities in the new industry to develop their own competitive advantages and produce the products efficiently. Developing countries often use this argument to justify their restrictions on foreign goods.Protectionisms purpose is usually to create jobs for domestic workers. Companies that operate in industries protected by quotas hire workers locally. Another disadvantage of quotas is the reduction in the quality of products in the absence of competition from foreign companies. Without competition, local firms are less likely to invest in innovation and improve their products and services. Domestic sellers dont have an incentive to enhance efficiency and lower their prices, and under such conditions, consumers eventually pay more for products and services they could receive from foreign competitors. As local companies lose competitiveness, they become pressured to outsource jobs. In the long-run, increasing protectionism commonly leads to layoffs and economic slowdown.汉译英第一篇人类在漫长发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的世界文明，中华文明是世界文明多样性、多元化的重要组成部分。中医药作为中华文明的杰出代表，是中国各族人民在几千年生产生活实践和与疾病作斗争中逐步形成并不断丰富发展的医学科学，不仅为中华民族繁衍昌盛作出了卓越贡献，也对世界文明进步产生了积极影响。中医药在历史发展进程中，兼容并蓄、创新开放，形成了独特的生命观、健康观、疾病观、防治观，实现了自然科学与人文科学的融合和统一，蕴含了中华民族深邃的哲学思想。随着人们健康观念变化和医学模式转变，中医药越来越显示出独特价值。中医药与西医药优势互补，相互促进，共同维护和增进民众健康，已经成为中国医疗卫生体制的重要特征和显著优势。第二篇人人有饭吃，是人类最基本的生存权利，是一切人权的基础。全球农业发展取得了长足的进步，但饥饿和贫困依然是一种“无声的危机”，困扰着全人类。目前世界上还有8亿多贫困人口面临着食物不足、营养不良的威胁。促进农业发展，消除饥饿和贫困，依然是世界面临的重大挑战，也是全人类肩负的共同责任。国际社会应当携起手来，加强农业合作，更多关注发展中国家、尤其是一些最不发达国家的诉求。应减少贸易保护，加强对最不发达国家农业技术、资金等支持，提高全球农业生产水平和粮食安全保障水平。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，任何时候都是维护世界粮食安全的积极力量。尽管中国农业进一步发展面临不少困难，但我们仍将不懈努力，用行动来兑现诺言，主要依靠自己的力量解决好吃饭问题。我们愿与世界各国携手奋进，共同创造一个无饥饿、无贫困、可持续发展的世界。2017年下半年CATTI三口真题Part 1 Dialogue Interpreting梅先生，很高兴您能接受我的采访。我看了您的演出，不得不说精妙又富有冲击力。我想问您此次来美演出的契机是什么？我很高兴你能够欣赏我们的演出。今年是很特别的一年，因为有很多事情都聚在了一起。今年是我的父亲梅兰芳先生诞辰120周年，距他1930年来美演出已有84年，而今年我本人也有80岁了。同时，今年也是中美建交35周年。在这样的环境下，你不觉得此次演出很有意义吗？ 我知道，京剧是中国传统艺术的巅峰，被称为国剧。您的父亲梅兰芳先生是京剧艺术界的翘楚，更创造了独具魅力的京剧流派“梅派”。对您来说，您觉得您对京剧艺术的发展承担着怎样的责任？ 梅派是中国京剧艺术的一个分支。梅派京剧在海内外许多人的共同努力以及中国政府文化部的支持和帮助下，得到了很大的发展。我本人是梅派的二代传人，希望将京剧艺术传承下去，发扬光大。今天在台上演出的大部分是梅派的第三代弟子。 令尊1930年的访美演出是中美外交史上的一次成功，也为世界带来了和平。这对于今天的意义是什么？ 我父亲是第一位将京剧带出国门的人，他不仅是一位风格独特的艺术家，也是一位和平爱好者。我得此次赴美巡演，一为了加强东西方文化交流，二是为了向美国观众分享我父亲对于和平的热爱和渴望。Part 2 English to Chinese InterpretingDear friends, on 9 October 2012, the Taliban shot me on the left side of my forehead. They thought that the bullets would silence us, but they failed. The terrorists thought they would change my aims and stop my ambitions. But nothing changed in my life I am the same Malala. My ambitions are the same. Dear sisters and brothers, I am not against anyone. Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group. Dear sisters and brothers, I am not against anyone, we realised the importance of pens and books when we saw the guns. The wise saying, “The pen is mightier than the sword.” It is true. The extremists are afraid of books and pens. The power of education frightens them. They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them They are afraid of the equality that we will bring to our society. Today, I am focusing on womens rights and girls education because they are suffering the most. There was a time when women activists asked men to stand up for their rights. I am focusing on women to be independent and fight for themselves. So today, we call upon the worlds leaders to change their strategic policies in favour of peace and prosperity. We call upon the world leaders that all of these deals must protect women and childrens rights.Part 3 Chinese to English Interpreting 按照联合国标准，当一个国家60岁以上人口超过10%就表示该国已进入老龄社会。按照这个标准，中国早在7年前就进入了老龄社会。过去7年，中国60岁以上人口已占到总人口的11%，即1.45亿人。 中国老龄人口每年以超过3%的速度增长，这意味着中国已经进入老龄人口快速增长阶段。出生率下降，1.4亿年轻农村人口涌入城镇，大量老年人留守农村。这些老年人经济上不独立，社会保障没有办法满足他们的生活需求。在欧美国家进入老龄化社会的时候，人均国内生产总值在5000到10000美元之间，而中国进入老龄化社会时，这个数字仅为1000美元。也就是说我们面临的情况是未富先老。按照目前的速度，再过十年，中国的老龄人口又将再增加一亿。 照这样的速度增长，在未来12年，60岁之上的人口将再增加1亿。那么问题来了：我们怎么解决这么多人养老需要的资金呢？老龄化不仅是民生问题，对政治经济与社会也会产生很大的影响。中国政府将不断加大对养老体系的资金投入，采取更多的措施保障改善养老问题。2017年下半年CATTI二口真题Part 1 E-C Interpreting第一篇Financial markets and media reports have been focused lately on the slowing of Chinas growth rate.That slowing has diverse causes and consequences, butas Ill discuss in this postin at least one important respect it is both a healthy and a predictable development, resulting from a necessary change in Chinas growth model.Since the beginning of Chinas growth miracle, a large part of the countrys development has been directed from the center. This “top-down” approach has focused on heavy industry, infrastructure (highways, bridges, airports), the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the promotion of exports, particularly manufactures. The top-down model had its roots in Communist central planning, but in China it has been leavened with enough market liberalization and openness to international competition to foster significant gains in productivity and a rapid ascent up the technological ladder. To date, this strategy has been incredibly successful: In real terms, the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago (IMF estimates, converted to constant dollars at PPP exchange rates). And, despite the recent slowdown, Chinese economic growth currently accounts for about a third of global economic growth, up from about a quarter ten years ago.However, the top-down approach is reaching its limits. The share of output devoted to heavy manufacturing, construction, and exports is too large to be sustained, the pace of urbanization is slackening, and the easier opportunities to improve technologically in manufacturing and related sectors have been exploited. Moreover, with its emphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on goods and services aimed at domestic consumers, the Chinese economy has not been serving its citizenry as well as it could.Recognizing these limits, Chinas leadership is working to make the transition to a more organic, “bottom-up” growth model, focused on the development of services industriesretail trade, health, education, finance, transportationdelivered in many cases through markets and by smaller business units. (Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States, according to the World Bank.)For various reasons, including the fact that productivity in services generally does not grow as quickly as in manufacturing, this transition will involve economic growth that is slower (though still rapid). And, because of the increasing reliance on market forces and smaller business units, Chinese growth in the future will be more erratic and harder to control from the center.The experience of U.S. “rust belt” cities provides a for Chinas challenge, at least qualitatively. As in China, the economies of American cities like Chattanooga and Pittsburgh were built on heavy manufacturing, a model that eventually reached its limits. The analogy is not exact, of course: Unlike the case of China, the industrial hollowing out of U.S. rust-belt cities resulted in large part from increased foreign competition.In some respects, however, the constraints on industrial development faced by China and Chattanooganotably, the increasing toll of heavy industry on the environmentwere similar. (In 1969, the federal government identified Chattanooga as the countrys most polluted city.) In any case, the rust-belt cities that succeeded in reviving their economies did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services. In Chattanooga and other cities, public/private taskforces worked to revitalize downtowns, to develop tourist attractions and conference facilities, to clean up the environment, to improve transportation links and other critical infrastructure, and to attract businesses in “clean” sectors like medicine, technology, finance, and retail. Strengthening education was key, with benefits ranging from attracting and maintaining skilled workforces to seeding high-tech startups. Pittsburghs redevelopment in particular was greatly helped by the location there of several major universities, including Carnegie-Mellon and the University of Pittsburgh, which led efforts to build research facilities. Emblematic of Pittsburghs transformation is that the U.S. Steel building, the largest in downtown Pittsburgh, now bears a UPMC sign, for University of Pittsburgh Medical Centerthe regions largest employer.How can China make a transition to a more services-oriented economy, analogous to that made by Chattanooga and Pittsburgh, as well as by other East Asian countries like Japan or Korea?Reducing the subsidies to and direct government support for exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start and sustain new private businesses, are critical steps. So, in some cases, are partnerships with foreign companies that bring essential expertise. A useful lesson from the experience of reviving U.S. cities is the importance of building and empowering a strong middle class: Middle-class households are the primary market for more-sophisticated services, from education to health care to retail to entertainment. For those cities, attracting middle-class consumers involved improv