专四写作讲义.doc

（一） 专四作文四种类型&模板范文1. 立场选择型立场选择型写作目的明确，要求“2选1” -从试题中所陈述的两种事物或者做法，或者一种事物中的优缺点中选择一种，回答which one do you prefer 的问题。典型真题：【2011】 Recently, government agencies in some big cities have been studying the possibilities of putting a pollution tax on private cars. The amount of tax private car owners would have to pay would depend on the emission levels. i.e. engine or vehicle size. This has caused quite a stir among the public. Some regard it as an effective way to control the number of cars and reduce pollution in the city, But others dont think so . what is your opinion? Write on ANWSER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic : Should Private Car Owners be Taxed for Pollution?You are to write in 3 parts:In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary 模板一：1,Topic 观点提出段When asked about/ when it comes to(事物，问题)，different people hold different opinions (views). Some people take it for granted that ./ believe that.+(观点1)，however, others hold that .(+观点2). As for me/ for my part/as far as I am concerned/personally, I agree to the former , the latter/ I insist that .(我的观点)这里推荐简明扼要的说明自己的观点。点出主旨句。2，观点论证段First and foremost /to start with/ for one thing / the first reason of supporting my idea is that. (理由一)。 【后面是拓展的部分，可以使用举例法，正反论证法，说理等】。 For another , (理由二)，【后面是拓展的部分】。Last but not least/ finally, 理三， 【后面是拓展的部分】3观点总结段To sum up/ in conclusion /in brief/ in a word /therefore , we can safely draw the conclusion that/ a natural conclusion can be drawn that.(重申一下观点) 用简洁的话来重申一下。【2010】真题 Should College Students Hire Cleaners? When it comes to the recently report that college students hire cleaners, different people hold different attitudes. Some people take it for granted that college students shouldnt hire cleaners. However, others hold that since more services than ever before present themselves in todays society, there is nothing wrong with college students to get out of the groove and keep pace with the times, as for me, I agree to the former.To start with, students are supposed to learn to stand on their own feet at college now that they have entered adulthood and should prepare themselves to shoulder various responsibilities. And doing laundry and cleaning is a good start. / Besides, resorting to cleaners risks getting into the habit of being lazy and relying on others. As is known to all, a good habit makes a child a man, whereas a bad one makes a man a beast./ Finally, it is by no means good value for college students to hire cleaners because doing laundry and cleaning is a task well within their ability. 在这一段中，我们看到每一句基本上就是一个论点，1, 有利于培养我们的独立精神,stand on owns feet, 指的独立的意思，同时我们注意到第一个论点共使用了三个短句， students should learn to stand on their own feet at college. 2. Now that they have entered adulthood and should prepare themselves to shoulder the responsibilities . and do the laundry is a good start. 现在如果翻译成汉语，我们能否写出很好的英文，写足八个句子。To sum up , hiring cleaners gives rise to a series of problems for college students, of which the most noteworthy is deprivation of a chance to live on their own.所以在第一段中直接表明我们的观点，到底是同意还是不同意，明确自己的观点，但是支持的理由不用在第一段中提及，然后在第二段中开始解释，最后在总结的时候，重申自己的观点，简单的说，I dont agree that the college students should hire the cleaners because 但是这里我们需要换一种说法，也就是说为什么我们不支持，是因为会给我们带来很多的问题，这样直接又重申了我们支持这种观点的理由。模板二：1， Topic观点提出段 Nowadays ,现象/ with +背景，现象或问题/ a recent survey shows + 问题 /It is true that +现象 / there is no doubt that + 现象. Some people +做法或者是态度. They believe that + 观点, I cant agree with them more. / but I dont think so and I insist that +我的观点。2， 观点论证段have several reasons to support my view. First of all, /to start with/ for one thing, 理由一+ 【后面是拓展的内容或者使用举例法】 secondly/ in addition/ for another , 理由二，+【拓展句/ 例子】Finally, 理由三。3， 观点总结段To sum up, /in conclusion/ we can safely draw the conclusion that / the natural conclusion can be drawn that （重申我的观点）【模板范文】 Will tourism bring harm to the Environment Nowadays, tourism has become a very big business and even a major source of foreign exchange for some countries. Some people insist that we should spare no effort to promote tourism. They believe that tourism contributes greatly to economic growth, But I dont see eye to eye with them and I insist that tourism bring s harm to the environment in one way or another although it does play a part in prospering the economy. I have two major reasons to support my view. For one thing in the course of exploring the tourist resources, tourist transportation, if planned poorly, will spoil the original scenery. For example, nearly all the trails in Mountain Hua, the most precipitous mountain in China, have been flanked with iron chains and other facilities for the visitors to pass through, causing damages to the integrity of the tourist attraction. For another，we can never fail to notice that scenic spots frequently by swarms of travelers are heavily polluted, not all the tourists are aware of environmental protection and some of them litter here and there, step on the grass and inscribe on the rocks and walls. Therefore, we cannot afford to ignore the negative effects tourism brings to the environment while marveling at the huge income deriving from tourism.2, 问题解决型问题这类的作文是解决how to 的问题，要求针对试题中提出的问题提出合理的建议或者是解决方案，并加以解释或者是论证。 其基本的行文机构是： 首先引出要解决的问题，并提出要解决问题的方法，接下来要论证这个观点的优点，或者阐述这个方法的实施步骤，最后对自己觉得观点进行重申或者是提出展望。【真题解析2005】The students Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included. Write on the sheet three a composition of about 200 words on the following topics. My idea of a University Arts Festival You are to write three partsIn the first part, state specifically what your idea isIn the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea. In the third part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion【模板】1. Topic 观点提出段It is true that / there is no doubt that . When it comes to.different people have different opinions. Some insist on while others argue for.personally, I agree with the former/ the latter, and believe that /in my opinion, the best way/ an effective solution is that. 注意这里是建议方法类的题目，这里不同人坚持的应该是不同的建议。2. My suggestion has several (two/three) advantages /lies in the following reasons / the reasons can be listed as follows, first of all/firstly , 优点一/ 理由一/ 解释或者是例证。What is more , secondly, 优点二、理由二 、解释或是例证二。等。3. 观点总结段在结尾的时候，我们总结相关的观点之后，要提倡或提出相应的措施。 My Idea of a University Arts Festival There is no doubt that the arts festival enriches our college like as an extracurricular activity. However, when it comes to what should be included in the arts festival, different people have different views. Some insist on performing paintings and calligraphy, personally, I agree with the latter and I strongly recommend that photographic works should be counted as an important aspect of the arts festival.My suggestions lies in the following two reasons, firstly, for the students who take photos, the photographic exhibition can stimulate them to discover the beauty that permeates our surroundings. As a result, such an activity will help foster sharp eyes of the photographers to-be. Secondly, for the students who appreciate the photos, they are given a shortcut to the beauty of the nature and the society, maybe by this way they find the sense of the life and enjoy the life more in the future.In short, the photographic exhibition can let the students to discover and appreciate beauty. I believe that it is wise to involve the photographic works into the university arts festival, and I hope it can contribute greatly to the success of the festival.第三类：给定观点型：这类的作文主要是先提出一个话题，并给定了一个关于这个话题的观点，要求考生对这个给定的观点进行阐述。 这类题型有很明显的标志，题目常带有important ,benefits, harms 等，基本的行文结构是: 首先引出要说明的事物，或者是要论证的观点，接下来举例或者是列举理由说明重要性，危害性，益处等，最后重申观点并给出建议或是展望 【真题回顾2008年】 the benefit of the volunteering 参见真题【模板】： 1， topic 观点提出段现象背景描述 people are becoming increasingly aware of the significance /harm / benefit of 关键词。 In my opinion, 题目的拓展,I have several reasons to support my point of view.2. 观点论证段Firstly/ to start with, for one thing,+理由一， 拓展句或者是举例法。Secondly +理由二等。3. 观点总结段On the whole , for a word, 重申一下我们的观点，therefore，I suggest that /we must be alert to 【真题范文】 The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodIn recent years, people fall victims to all kinds of pressures and some failing to cope with them suffer a mental crisis. With all kinds of tragic accidents like suicides happening, people are becoming increasingly aware of the significance of a good mood. In my opinion, keeping good mood is of the upmost importance under whatever circumstances. I have several reasons to support my point of view.To start with, keeping a good mood is favorable to our work. We often hear people complain that Im disheartened becausegot nowhere in my studies in spite of all my efforts or I feel rather frustrated in my present job, and I need a change. But if we look things in the bright side and adopt an optimistic attitude towards the difficulties, it will be quite another story. Secondly, keeping a good mood is a medicine; a good mood strengthens the physical function and fortifies the body against the disease. Besides, many centenarians disclose that it is the good mood that makes them live long. In short, being in a good mood is very important because of its various benefits, therefore, as we experience days when everything seems wrong, lets adjust our mood above all.请看下一篇同类型的作文，这篇作文也是属于给定观点型，但是在开头的部分，略有不同，请试着总结一下这个作文使用的模板即写作套路。The benefits of VolunteeringNowadays, doing volunteering jobs have already become quite popular for our college students. Some people concern that volunteering is merely a waste of time, because the volunteers have gains with pains, however, I believe that doing volunteering works is quite rewarding. The benefits of volunteering lie in the following aspects. Firstly, we can put into practice what we have learnt before. For example, when we are asked by a foreigner the way to some place, we have the opportunity to verify whether we can speak English very well. Secondly, volunteering can help us broaden our horizon and know more about the society. We spend more time staying in universities and nearly have no idea of what the society is like. By doing volunteer work , we can learn about the society more and accustom ourselves to the outer world more quickly. Thirdly, it makes ys happy to help others and do our part for our country. In this sense we reap a bountiful harvest by doing voluntary work.All mentioned above tell us that voluntary work is not a waste of time. It can reward ys more thatn we have paid. Therefore we should actively participate in the voluntary work for the welfare of the public. 第四类，比较对比型作文比较对比型的作文通常要求学生对给出的一个事物或者是话题的两个方面分析对比后得出结论。 通常出题的方式有两种：一种是比较两个事物的优缺点或者是两种做法的利弊，（有时候则需要表明倾向）， 另一种是同一事物或者是现象的利弊来进行比较。行文的结构：首先对要评价的食物或者是现象进行整体的介绍，并概述事物的利弊或者是优缺点，然后再具体阐述优缺点或者利弊，最后是总结全文重申我的观点。 这一类的作文我们一定要清楚，是要介绍事物的两个方面，但是惯用的开头是没有什么变化的。【模板】1, topic 观点提出段陈述社会现象. Some people are in favor of 现象，while other take the opposite side. As far as I am concerned, we cannot afford to ignore .好处，while criticize 坏处。2.观点论证段 On the one hand, 该现象有好的一面，firstly 原因一， secondly, 原因二。On the other hand, 该现象也有不好的一面， 后面加拓展的内容或者是例子。3.观点总结段Therefore ,it is quite clear that 现象has merits /advantages, as well as demerits/ disadvantage, is both a curse and a blessing,./however ,we should admit that 利大于弊，或者是弊大于利，taking both of them into account, I suggest that 后面加上折中的建议。【真题范文】 shopping online has been a fashion among many young people , what are the advantage and disadvantage of shopping on line? On shopping onlineIn recent years, an ever-lasting number of people do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the aid of the internet. Some people are in favor of this trend while other takes an opposite side. As far as I am concerned, we cant afford to ignore the convenience and economy provided by online shopping while we criticize its risky nature.On the one hand, shopping incline offers lots of benefits. Firstly, it is very convenient to do some shopping on the internet. We can do online shopping at any time because the internet is always available -several days a week, 24hours a day we dont have to queue up in busy shops and we can buy almost any products with just a few clicks of the mouse. Secondly, prices are often lower online and we have access to numerous bargains that we wont find in the stores in high street. On the other hand, there are still risks in online shopping. For example, entering the card details on the internet remains unsafe and some of the products we purchase online may fall short of our expectation. Therefore, it is quite clear that online shopping has merits as well as demerits. However, we should merit that the dormer outweighs the latter. Taking both of them into account, I suggest that people should read some methods and tips for online shopping before they actually do it.我们看到这篇对比比较的作文，还有一定的观点的倾向性，显然说好处的更为重要，写的篇幅也就较长，直接使用说理的办法，reasons 罗列了很多，但是在叙述缺点的时候，只是举了一个例子，这种有轻有重的写法需要注意。（二） 如何制造亮点句式1 长短句并用(1) 长句的使用原句：Natural resources are very limited. They will be exhausted in the near future. It is not true. But it becomes a major concern around the world; this is a widely accepted fact. 优化：_（2短句的使用虽然我们说长句可以表达复杂而缜密的思想，但是某些同学片面的追求复杂长句，华而不实，显得句子十分冗长，反而形成意思的多余和累赘。因此我们在写作的过程中，一定要注意长句和短句之间的恰当使用，比如说最常见的定语从句，我们说最多在一句话中，使用一个不太短的非限定性定语从句就可以了。原句：Many automobile parts that are made of plastics and other synthetic materials do not last long. 优化：_原句：He didnt have enough experiences, which is the reason why he didnt do the work well.优化_2. 非谓语动词和从句适当的交换非谓语动词包括动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，和过去分词等，可以充当不同的成分（状语从句，定语从句等）， 这样使得有限的空间中表达更加丰富的含义。原句：It must be realized that people should be cautious when they decide which books they should choose to read since if they read bad books, it will be time-wasting and harmful. 优化：_原句：Because one of my parents is laid off, my family cant afford all my expenses of my college. 优化：_原句： There is an increasingly loud voice from the public which calls for firm action against pollution.优化：_原句：Discount is a business means by which customers can be attracted and their desire of purchasing can enhanced.优化：_原句：in reality, most people deem buying lottery tickets as an interesting way by which they make donations to public welfare.优化：_原句：Those private schools can attract better teachers and provide more advanced teaching facilities and equipment because they have more money than the government-funded public schools. 优化：_2， 善于使用倒装句和强调句型原句：By reading widely, one can really make remarkable achievements in his study优化：_原句：Not how much you read but what you read really matters.优化：_Key：1. It is widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of the limited resources in the near future, though it is unlikely to happen.2. Many automobile parts made of plastics and other synthetic materials do not last long.3. He didnt do the work well for lack of experience.4. It must be realized that people should be cautious when deciding which books to read since reading bad books is time-wasting and harmful.5. With one of my parents being laid off, my family cant possibly afford all my expenses at college.6. There is an increasingly loud voice from the public calling for firm action against pollution.7. Discount is a business means of attracting customers and enhancing their desire of purchasing.8. In reality, most people deem buying lottery tickets as an interesting way to make donations to public welfare.9. Having more money than the government-funded public schools, those private schools can attract better teachers and provide more advanced teaching facilities and equipment.10. Only by reading widely, one can really make remarkable achievements in his study.11. It is not how much you read but what you read that matters.（三） 如何使用亮点词汇(亮点词语用法)1. Account for 占据In addition, the population i