大学英语语法之substitutionPPT课件

.,1,Substitution,.,2,NominalsubstitutionVerbalsubstitutionClausalsubstitution,.,3,Nominalsubstitution,.,4,Nominalsubstitute,1.Definition:Nominalsubstitutionmeansthereplacementofanounoranounphrasebyanominalsubstitute.2.Nominalsubstitutesone/ones,thesame,thekind,thesortsomeindefinitepronouns,suchasall,both,some,any,enough,several,none,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,theother,others,another,either,neither,etc.,.,5,One/ones,（1）one-asingularcountnoun(phrase)ones-apluralnoun(phrase)Ilikethosepencils,Illtakeablueone(=pencil).Thestudentsinthisclasshavetoworkharderthantheones(=students)inMr.Leesclass.Dontgetartificialsilk-wemusthaverealsilk.Itscheapertobuyoldfurniturethantohavenewfurnituremade.,.,6,(2)Onecouldbeusedaloneorwithpremodifierorpostmodifier;whereasoneshavetobeusedwithpremodierorpostmodifier.Therearesomeapples,youmaytakeone.(one=anapple)Ihaventgotanystamps.Couldyougivemeone?(one=astamp),.,7,Mycheapcameratakesbetterpicturesthanhisexpensiveone.Whatnaughtyboys!Lookattheonehighaboveinthetree.Understandingtheculturalhabitsofanothernation,especiallytheonecontainingasmanydifferentsubculturesastheUnitedStates,isacomplextask.,.,8,Theseapplesarentripe.Givemesome/theripeones.IwishIdboughtafewjarsofhoney.Didyounoticetheonestheyweresellingbytheroadside.Weareapttofindthattheverymenwhoblockaschemeareoneswhoclamorloudest.,.,9,(3)indefinitearticle/possessivedeterminer+premodifier+one/onesLetstakeyour/Jacksnewone/ones.Whatkindofice-creamwouldyoulike?abigpinkone,.,10,definitearticle+one/ones+postmodifierTheone/onesinthecorneris/aremine.Thisroomandtheoneupstairsarewellfurnished.,.,11,Cannotcollocatewithboth,ownandcardinalnumerals“Wouldyouliketheredoneortheblueone?”Both.(notbothones)Icantwriteproperlywithyourpen;Idratherusemyown.(notmyownone)cardinalnumerals+adj.+onesIcaughtninebigones.,.,12,Omissionofone/ones,1.The+comparativeorsuperlativeadjective+one/onesIboughtthemoreexpensive(one)ofthetwo.Ithinkmydogsthefastest(one).2.Adjectivewhichformsthecontrasttotheprecedingone+one/onesIpreferthelargebottletothesmall(one).Therereonlyhardchocolates,weveeatenallthesoft(ones)Ipreferalargebottletoasmallone.(onecanbeomittedherebecauseofindefinitearticle),.,13,Adjective(whichdenotescolor)+one/ones“whichdoyoulike?”Iliketheblue(one)Demonstrativepronoun+one/onesDoyouwantthis(these)crayonaswellasthat(those)(one)?which,(n)either,another,thelast,thenext,theother,orordinalnumerals+one/onesEither(one)willsuitme.Judybrokethecoffee-pot,soshehastobuyanother(one).,.,14,that,those,That-singularuncountablenounornominalphrase.Itcanonlyusedfornon-personalreference；Those-pluralnoun(includingthecoordinationconstructionwithand).Itcanbeusedforpersonalaswellasnon-personalreference.,.,15,that,those,Thepoisonofthecobraismoredeadlythanthatoftherattlesnake.(=thepoison)TheblondegirlsIsawwereolderthanthose/theonesyouweredancingwith.(=thegirls)Hisspeechandbehaviorwerethoseofahooligan.(=speechandbehavior),.,16,Similarityanddisparitybetweenone(ones)andthat(those),Similarity:bothcanbeusedtoreplaceacountnounoracountablenounphrase.Thepoisonofthecobraismoredeadlythanthatoftherattlesnake.(=thepoison)TheblondegirlsIsawwereolderthanthose/theonesyouweredancingwith.(=thegirls)Hisspeechandbehaviorwerethoseofahooligan.(=speechandbehavior),.,17,Disparity:if“of”phrasefollows,wecanonlyuse“that”tosubstituteratherthan“one”;whileattributiveclausefollows,wewilluse“theone”moreoftenMyseatwasnexttothatofthemayor.Itwasamarvelouspicturejustliketheone(that)wehadseentheotherday.IdrewmychairnearertheoneonwhichSophywassitting.,.,18,CollectivenounsTheclothespeopleweartodaydonotseemtolastaslongasthosethatpeopleworeinthepast.ThecultureandcustomsofAmericaaremorelikethoseofEnglandthanofanyothercountry.,.,19,Otherwords,some,any,none(=no+名词)，many,much,enough,each,(n)either,both,allTwoboysentered,eachcarryingasuitcase.Thereretworoadsintotown,andyoucantakeeither.ProustandJamesaregreatnovelists,butIlikeTolstoybetterthaneither.Sheandherhusbandwenttoseethehouse.Bothfeltitsuitable.Thesoupisdelicious,andtheturkeysmellsthesame.,.,20,Verbalsubstitution,1.do2.doso,doit/dothat,.,21,do,do=mainverb;do=verb+complementationIprophesiedhewouldfail,andhedid.(=failed)Sheplaysthepianobetterthanshedoestheguitar.Thenumberbombdoesntchangeourlives,butthecomputerdoes.Marystudiesmodernhistoryanddoesntdomodernlanguage.Doesshedoancienthistory,too?No,shedoesnt.,.,22,Exception,Substitutedocannotreplace“have”and“be”Iamnotascleverasheis.(wedontsay“Iamnotascleverashedoes”)Yourmotherhasnoright,notanymorethanIhave,totellyouhowtorunyourlife.(wedontsay“Yourmotherhasnoright,notanymorethanIdo”)Substitutedocannotreplacenon-finiteverbs“Peterhuntsrabbits.”Yes,hewantedmetohuntrabbits,too(wedontsay“yes,hewantedmetodo,too”),.,23,DifferenceuseinBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish,InBritishEnglish,substitutedoappliestoanykindofmainverbexceptthestativebeandhave;InAmericanEnglish,however,anellipsisorrepetitionofthestativeverbispreferable.TheAmericansarereducingtheirdefenseexpenditurethisyear.IwonderiftheRussianswill(do),too.Ididnttouchthetelevisionset,butPercymighthave(done),.,24,Paulalooksveryhappy.Sheseemshappiernowthanshedid(=seemedhappy)lasttimewemet.(BritishEnglish)Paulalooksveryhappy.Sheseemshappiernowthansheseemed(usedto/looked)lasttimewemet.(AmericanEnglish),.,25,do,doso,doit/dothat,Hesaidhewouldtellmethenews,buthedidntdoso.Hesmokeslikeachimney.Doeshisbrotherdoso?,.,26,thedifferenceamongdo,doso,doit/dothat,doso,doit/dothat-notionalverb,appliestodynamicwords;do-besidesdynamicverbs，canalsoreplacestativeverbssuchaslike,think,remember,feelexcepte“be”and“have”Ilikethesaxophone,andIalwayshave(done).Janefeelsmuchbetter.Idontknowshedoes.,.,27,do-nottoreplacenon-finiteverbs;doso,doit/dothatcouldAsnooneelsehassucceededindoingso,Ishallattempttosolvethemysterymyself.IrodeacamelinMorocco.Idlovetodothat,.,28,doismorecolloquialthandoso,inshortanswer，wewillalwaysusedoDidyougotothemovies?Yes,IdidDoyousmoke?Yes,Ido.,.,29,doitvs.dothatdoit-specificactionordeed;dothat-thewholething;generalactIsConniestilltryingtolightthestove?Sheshouldhavedoneitbynow.(theaction)Areyoutryingtolightthestovewithamatch?Iwouldntdothat.(thewholematter),.,30,twopatternsofshortresponse,So+do+subject(Neither/nordoI)So+subject+doA:IlikeplayingfootballB:SodoI./Sodoesmybrother/Sodidmyfather.A:Thestudentsallworkhard.B:Sotheydo.,.,31,Clausalsubstitution,clausalsubstitute-soornotA:DoyouthinkhellcometomorrowB:Yes,Ithinkso./No,IthinknotAsclausalsubstitutes,soandnotcangowithiftoformverblessclauses“ifso”and“ifnot”Theysayhewillcometonight.Ifso,themeetingwillbeheldtomorrow.Ifnot,therewontbeanymeetingtomorrow.,.,32,usesofclausalsubstitutes,(1)soandnotcouldcommonlyusedtoreplacethat-clausesrepresentingabelief,anassumptionoranemotionwithatoneofuncertaintyortentativeness.Thesesubstitutenormallygowiththefollowingwordssuchasappear,believe,expect,fancy,fear,gather,guess,hope,imagine,presume,reckon,seem,suppose,suspect,think,trust,ect.Manypeoplebelievethattheinternationalsituationwilldeteriorate.Myfatherthinksso,butIbelievenot.“Istheregoingtobeaholidaytomorrow?”Ibelieveso.,.,33,If“so”or“not”gowith“appear”or“seem”,wewillalwaysuse“it”atthebeginningofthesentence.“IsittruethatGeoffhashadaheartattack?”Itseemsso.HasAnngotintouniversity?Itseemsnot.,.,34,soandnotcangowithifIfitclears,wellgoout;ifnot(=ifitdoesntclear),not.Hemaybebusy.If