托福语法.doc

绍兴环球雅思 托福语法Jenny 第一章 词类一、 冠词【概念】冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或者名词性短语的前面，表示名词是特指还是泛指。冠词可以分为定冠词（the）和不定冠词（a / an）。【你来练习】 an 用在元音音素前_ university _ upward trend _ European_ engineer _ hot dog _ honour(一) 不定冠词（a / an）的用法1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.2) 一个最近的调查 conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression. 2. 表示一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. A dog is a common animal.3. 不定冠词用在事物的“单位”前，如时间、价格等意义的名词前，表示“每一”。1).People are suggested to do exercises . 至少一周两次2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . 一天八杯水4. 不定冠词用于固定词组中，如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of, quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of, a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems. 5. 用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一” Can you give me a second chance? 6. 抽象名词具体化，被具体化的名词要加不定冠词 a surprise a success a pleasure7. 用于固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of(二) 定冠词（the）的用法1. 定冠词特指，上文中已经提到过的人或者事物，或双方明确所指的人或物前。1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges. 2. 定冠词与可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或者物。 1) 电脑 and video games contribute to childrens inactive lifestyles. 2) 吸烟者 causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.3. 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或者自然现象名词前the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible4. 定冠词用在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。 5. 用在乐器名称前，特别是西洋乐器 但中国名族乐器和音乐名词前不用冠词 6. 用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩” 7.用在年代，朝代，时代名词前 8. 用于江河，海洋，湖泊，海峡，山脉，群岛。 9. 用在习语中all the same；all the time；at the moment；at the same time ;by the way 【你来翻译】3) 最有效的方式4) 有同样经验的人5) 西游记6) 他是我最不想见的人。(三) 零冠词用法概述 1.表示泛指的复数名词前,表示一类人或事物 Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. 2.在季节、节日、星期、月份及三餐等名词前 吃早饭 _is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. 3. 指职位、头衔的词 4. 在表示棋类或球类的名词前 二、 名词和主谓一致（1） 名词的分类 专有名词 普通名词（物质名词，抽象名词，集体名词，个体名词）（二）名词的数1. 可数名词一个吃素者 多个吃素者 2. 不规则的名词复数形式stimulus-stimuli 刺激 Phenomenon-phenomena 现象Basis-bases 基础 criterion-criteria 标准Crisis-crises 危机 datum-data 资料，数据3. 有些名词总是以复数形式出现Belongings 财产 findings 发现Savings 储蓄 surroundings 环境4. 不可数名词分为抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词Sugar 糖 cholesterol 胆固醇 nutrition 营养 stroke 中风Insomnia 失眠 depression 沮丧 obesity 肥胖症 pressure 压力（三）名词的格1. 一般地说，“s”多用于有生命的东西或自然界独一无二的某些空间和时间名词如：childrens health and safety, todays white collars, vegetarians diet2. of所有格多用于无生命的东西如：the purpose of antibiotics, the problem of rubbish, the habit of eating meat【常用短语】beauty contest press conference department storelife insurance reception desk peace talk信息中心 保镖 信用卡代沟 服务行业 生存技能交流技巧 知识经济 信息时（四）名词用法常见错误【你来改错】1) Computer is a machine for collecting, processing and presenting information.2) Conflicts may arise between tourist and local resident.3) Smoking cessation is one of the likely factor that contribute to the development of obesity.4) Little progresses have been made towards tackling poverty.5) In most developed countries, a high proportion of the population now enters higher education at some time in their lives.三、 数词数词分为基数词和序数词，分数词【你来读数】1) 1，234，567，890，0002) 1/33) 5/64) 0.55) 0.256) 3.14159267) Hundreds and thousands of 8) A 是B 的四倍（三种表达）【有关数词的一些用法：】a. in ones +基数词整十的复数形式，表示在某人几十岁时 in ones twenties 在某人20多岁时。b. in the +基数词整十的复数形式, 表示在几十年代 in the early 1930s c. 基数词和名词合成的形容词作定语，其中的名词只能是单数 Tom is an eleven-year-old boy.=Tom is eleven years old. d. 序数词前加a/an，表示再，又. shall I ask him a third time? e. 房间号，门牌号“名词+基数词” Room two o three. f. 章节，页数用“名词（不加冠词，首字母大写）+基数词或者the+序数词+名词Charpter One/the first charpter 四、 代词【代词的种类】人称代词 /物主代词/反身代词/指示代词/不定代词/疑问代词/关系代词【代词使用常见错误】1) When one searches on the Internet, you will potentially get onto illegal websites, which will cause dare consequences to us.2) Studying in co-educational school, a girl may concentrate more on popular boys, which may cause ignorance of his study.3) Girls are easy to be persuaded to buy cosmetics, because she always wants to be pretty. 4) This TV programs eventually impair adolescents health。5) Some graduates are proud of their diplomas, however, companies regard they as nothing.【翻译练习】1) 青少年不能控制自己。2) 青少年不能控制自己的行为。五、 形容词（一）基本用法形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质和特征。1) Coeducation makes children more socially adaptable.2) Many physical and psychological problems may arise in a single-sex school.3) I am not alone in thinking that Chinese education is an exam-oriented one.二）形容词名词化形容词加上the 表示一类人或者表示抽象概念的物。指人时，谓语动词用 ； 指物时，谓语动词用 。1) and 年轻人和老年人 do not have the same idea about physical exercises.2) Young children may go astray and become 无家可归的人.3) The good, the beautiful and the true should be distinguished from the evil, the ugly and the false（三）复合不定代词被形容词修饰时，形容词放在名词后面【例如】something, anything, nothing, nobody和anybody.Youngsters should spend their pocket money on something worthy.（四）常用复合形容词1) 形容词+名词 Full-time 全时工作的 2) 形容词+名词+ed Kind hearted 好心的3) 副词+过去分词 Hard-won 得来不易的4) 名词+现在分词 Peace-loving 爱好和平的5) 名词+过去分词 Snow-covered 白雪覆盖的【翻译】过时的 冷血的 短视的 心胸狭窄的 双刃剑 【高分形容词】Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing role, indispensable, requisite, critical,fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary Angry: annoyed, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentfulBig: gigantic, massive colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky, Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome Many: numerous, myriad, infinite, Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smart Happy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful, Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightningHurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot. 六、 副词（一）副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或者全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。（二）与形容词连用，表达更精确含义。1. Children tend to be physically and psychologically unhealthy if they are indulged in games.2. Traditional methods may prove 有经济价值的 in the future. （三）单独使用，放在句首，或修饰整句，或表示某一领域。1. 很有趣 , cats and dogs can hardly get along well in a house.2. 很明显 , there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age.3. 个人来看 , I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified that the huge earnings of movie stars.4. Financially, she is independent, but emotionally she is dependent.5. Educationally speaking, taking part-time jobs during the schooling may waste students precious studying time.【高分副词】Dramatically intensely considerably greatlyhighly initiallygenerally seemingly superficiallymainly/mostly primarilychieflyentirelycompletelytotallyentirelybasicallypartly especiallymerely=only virtuallyspecifically strikingly properly /appropriately increasinglyunderstandably impulsively overwhelmingly unnecessarily merrily moderatelymentally psychologically physically emotionallyacademically 第二讲 句子结构 Chapter Two Sentence Structure1.主语：主语是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首，表示句子说的是什么人或者什么事情。一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当。The girl is pretty.He is a volunteer.To see is to believeReading is useful.What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didnt die.2.谓语：说明主语做什么，是什么或者怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成谓语在人称和数的方面必须要和主语一致。They are teachers.She looks well.He can speak English.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.3.宾语: 是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后。 She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is a good guy.注：直接宾语和间接宾语：英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语；一个指物，叫直接宾语。Eg. He gives him the book (间宾) （直宾）4. 表语：说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面 I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing. This is what I want 5. 定语：是用来说明人或事物的品质或特征。修饰名词或代词。形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语The black bike is mine. Whats your name? I have five books. The boy in the room is Jack. They made paper flowers. I have something to do. A sleeping boy. A broken vase.The girl who is talking is my sister.注：英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；短语或句子（定语从句）作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语6. 状语：状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度等一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当I have a dream today.(时间状语）He did it carefully. （方式状语）I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.（地点状语）7. 宾语补足语：是补充说明宾语的身份，状态，特性或所做的动作的一种句子成分。一般由名词，形容词，不定式，介词短语和分词构成。His parents named him Jim.We found the book very interesting.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 句子的结构按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, for, or, so）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（其中简单句其中二）其中在简单句中英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1. S+V主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语） Class begins. Jim runs in the park. 及物动词后可直接加宾语：buy,catch,invent,found,like,注：及物和不及物动词的区别 raise, find, forget不及物动词后面不可直接接宾语，一般要加介词后再接宾语： go,work,listen,look,comeeg.Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person. 由于世界的工业化和人口的增长，水污染问题加剧了。/ is ge2. S+V+O主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语He enjoys reading. eg.Childrens extensive exposure to television violence causes greater aggressiveness.Solving these problems cannot depend on the simple rise in the price of petrol.3. S+V+IO+DO主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语 I bought John a birthday present. Please tell me your telephone number. eg. 1.广告给我们提供很多有用的信息。Advertisements supply us much useful information 2.家长应该保证孩子接受教育的机会。guaranteeParents should guarantee their children the access to f4 .S+V+P主语+系动词+表语（+状语）He became a scientist.They are honest. eg. 目前，对于许多国家的年轻人来说，高中毕业后从学习中休息一下是非常普遍的。have a break fromIt is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after eg.出现在商业广告中的信息有时候是误导性和欺骗性的。The information that appears in the commercial sometimes are che5. + （主谓宾宾补） The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy.1.School bullying makes students afraid of going to school.2.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists,【练习】1) 学会与别人合作是一个人职业中的关键因素2) 父母们总是期望他们的孩子出人头地。3) 媒体中的暴力可能会给孩子呈现出不好的范例。4) 旅游者有机会去