医学博士英语历年真题摘要写作范文.doc

97 A Blind Zone in Childr-NutritionThis article reveals揭示 a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves值得 correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated 表明的in a survey recently made in Shanghai.What parents dont know is that carbohydrate碳水化合物,糖类 in grains, starch 淀粉and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism新陈代谢. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories卡路里 in human bodies, about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus cant play their original roles in the body. Consequently接连发生的事情, 结果, it results in a retarded 智力迟钝的; 发展迟缓的development in the children and even malnutrition.Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients营养素, none of which can be done without.Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD)In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological 心理的consultation会诊,咨询(PC) they used to惯常reject. In 1994, many students didnt care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China.Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles业障. There have been reports on many severe cases重症,重病患者 resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of 考虑到this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare医疗保健,健康护理 service for students. Many students have corrected校正 their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military cadets军校学员 have begun to consult请教 experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental精神的,心理的 problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique独特的唯一的 course in universities. Though it contributed to促成 students healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先Aging usually brings about recession后退 in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension高血压, arteriosclerosis血管硬化,动脉硬化, and other metabolic 代谢作用的dysfunctions异常,机能障碍. However, scientists find that these hypofunctions机能减退 are actually caused by irrational不合理的 diets or eating habits饮食习惯. This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially特别 good for the old people. Second, less staple主要的food主食 and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases心血管疾病. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food 清淡食物should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods油腻食物 which usually contribute to促成 cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food 植物性食品instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.Writing Drill 6Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions.Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles平滑肌 in organs 器官contract收缩 and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to发泄 harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis支气管炎, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication 药物治疗alone cant do.Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesnt usually effect in these cases because it doesnt treat the cause of the ailments. 疾病 Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it is advocated 提倡by many doctors and health experts.It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future. Writing Drill 7 Smoking and HealthIt is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates刺激 the throat 咽and respiratory passages呼吸道. It sometimes leads to poor appetite食欲, nausea恶心, short breath气促, and irregular heartbeat心悸. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases 不治之症of respiratory呼吸的 tract呼吸道. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely有可能的than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema肺气肿and bronchitis as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts努力to warn people of the dangers of smoking.While smoking, particles颗粒of tobacco烟草, 香烟tar焦油and smoke slow down减速the work of cilia纤毛. The tar collected in the lungs can cause引起cancer. Moreover, 而且, 此外nicotine尼古丁in tobacco can be simulating模拟by affecting various centers on the medulla骨髓oblongata延髓region of the brain. It can affect other physiological生理学的process that in turn affect the respiratory呼吸中枢center in the brain. It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict使收缩the arteries动脉, and cause vomiting呕吐.In brief, 简单扼要地smoking does nothing but harm to peoples health. Therefore, smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up.这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因，通读全文，根据其要点可以分为四个部分：1）吸烟有害；2）吸烟有哪些具体的害处；3）为什么吸烟会有害，亦即其致害机理是什么；4）总结：吸烟有害要戒烟。总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑。Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and HealthHospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality发病率和死亡率. The risk of transmitting pathogens病菌by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) 卫生保健工作者is increasingly日益big today. A simple and effective有效的way of prevention is handwashing.But it is found that HCWs dont always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever产褥热rate in some wards was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their hands with chlorinated lime含氯石灰before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate fell sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored largely at that time.In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended含氯石灰that handwashing be imposed强加. But it has not been well compiled, even in ICUs, despite虽然, 尽管some efforts to improve compliance顺应性. The traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet.HCWs have their own excuse for原谅the resistance抵抗力耐药性, such as no time, skin irritation刺激, etc. Some say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant多重耐药pathogens on the increase. HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. HCWs: wash your hands before or between patient contacts.本篇短文主要讲了通过洗手防止和减少医院获得性感染的问题，这篇短文总的说来结构比较清晰，总结归纳起来相对容易，摘要写作当中，首先要将摘要分成三个部分，先象一般的论文一样写个引言，介绍主题，其次写Semmelweis首先发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会造成感染，而洗手可以减少这种感染及引起的死亡率，尽管他的方法没有得到当时医学界的认可，最后是结论部分，写20世纪80年代，政府健康机构也要求强制洗手，但执行情况并不尽如人意。总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，细节引用尽量地少，这样才可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。complicationWriting Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in MaturingOn their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may include sexual encounters遭遇with HIV carriers, violence暴力, mental and sexual abuse性虐待, drug abuse吸毒, smoking, as well as与一样好; 除之外the negligence from the adults.What can doctors do to make the teenagers world a safer place? Perhaps we should first call for求援attention from the medical profession医药职业to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty医药职业for more and proper attention to teenagers needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as决策者policymakers focus on more general practitioners私人开业医生,全科医师whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical community社区.Adolescents deserve该得到, 值得primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this is to require命令, 要求most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat teenagers.Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical PatientsThere are more and more physically身体上地ill people accompanied by psychiatric精神病的morbidity精神病的, which can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated promptly and properly. However, there is a lack of psychiatric care照顾of these patients, which has to be addressed in no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for psychiatric精神病的disorder in physically ill people. But few hospitals arrange formal正式的services for these patients, which may not be efficient in the future. Some health service reforms改革have also affected the formerly以前cooperative relationship between psychiatrists精神科医师and general hospital doctors. Pressure on beds in both psychiatry精神病学and general medicine makes the already difficult task工作任务of caring for patients with coexisting共存mental and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism保护消费者利益and heightened awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for relevant services.保护消费者利益In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors and nurses learn to identify mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care and refer for psychiatric精神病的help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge and approaches门径to treatment and psychiatric services.本文的内容根据标题便可不言自明了；患有身体疾病的同时伴有心理疾病的人越来越多，但这些人的心理护理亟需要得到科学的治疗和护理。摘要中要突出这种内科病人的心理护理缺医少药的问题，如缺乏正规的治疗和医护人员，费用昂贵等，结论断要包含专家就此问题提出的建议和看法。摘要可以分成三个部分，一是引言段，引出问题；二是正文段，概述问题并加以讨论；三是结论段，用专家的建议作为结尾。总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，不要拘泥于细节，这样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。influenza流行性感冒A (H1N1)Influenza A (H1N1) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not normally get H1N1, but human infections can and do happen. Influenza A (H1N1) viruses have been reported to spread from person-to-person, but in the past, this transmission was limited and not sustained beyond three people.甲型流感(H1N1)是由A型流感病毒引起的呼吸性疾病，在猪群体中定期发作。人通常不会感染H1N1，但是人可以被传染，这也正是现在发生的情况。曾有甲型流感病毒(H1N1)在人际间传染的报道，但是过去发生的传染较为有限，通常不会超过3个人。What are the symptoms? 疾病症状是怎样的？Limited information is available at this stage. It appears that the early symptoms are similar to seasonal flu - cough, fever, sore throat, headache, runny nose, general fatigue, and muscle pains. Some patients have also had vomiting and diarrhea.Severe cases have progressed quickly (within 5 days) to a pneumonia-like illness, which involves shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. 目前相关信息比较有限。初期症状类似季节性感冒，包括咳嗽、发热、咽喉肿痛、头疼、流鼻涕、全身疲劳、以及肌肉痛。有些患者还出现呕吐和腹泻的情况。病情严重的患者迅速发展（5天内）成类似肺炎的情况，包括呼吸短促和困难。If you or your family experience these types of symptoms, it is important to stay home from work or school and to seek medical care, in particular, if you have recently traveled to the affected areas of if you have difficulty breathing. 如果您或您的家人出现上述症状，请不要去上班或上学，立即就诊。如果您最近曾去过疫区，或者您呼吸困难，更要特别注意。How is this influenza A (H1N1) spreading? 甲型流感病毒(H1N1)是怎样传播的？It is most likely spreading from person to person in the