英语语法教案-句子成分.docx

初中英语句子成分一、句子成分概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。英语的基本成分有七种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。1、主语 一个句子中需要加以描述或说明的对象。表示句子所说的是什么人或事物。 主语一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。1）名词做主语：The school is far from here. A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully. 2）代词做主语：She goes to school by bike. We are students. Thats a bit expensive. 3）数词做主语：Eight is a lucky number. One and two is three. One is not enough for me. I want one more. One of them is English. Two will be enough. 4）名词化形容词：the rich；the poor；the blind；the deafThe blind need more help.5）不定式短语：To see is to believe.不定式短语作主语常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出现，it作形式主语，真正主语放在句后。To be a doctor is my dream.Its bad manners to spit in public.Its glad to see you again. It was difficult to see.6）动名词做主语：Seeing is believing.Eating too much is bad for your health.Working with you is a pleasure.7）“there be”结构做主语，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。There is a pen on the desk.There are many different kinds of mooncakes. There will be a strong wind.“there be”结构中there无实际意义例如：There is a boy there。第一个there无意义，第二个代指那里。8）It作主语，有如下情况： 指代刚刚提到的事物：Whats this ? Its a bus. (指代what) 指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人Whos knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who) Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. (指代 who) 表示时间，天气，距离： Whats the time? Its eight oclock. (时间) Whats it going to be tomorrow?Its going to be rainy.(天气) How far is it? Its about one kilometre away. (距离)2、谓语说明主语的动作或状态，说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类： 1)简单谓语 由动词(或短语动词)构成。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。He works in a factory. (一般现在时主动语态)I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态) I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被动语态) 2)复合谓语： 第一种是由情态动词/助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成： We cant carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。Im sorry, I cant help you.对不起，我帮不上你I can speak a little English.我会说一点英语He doesnt like English. Do you speak English. I wont do it again. Youd better catch a bus. 第二种是由连系动词+表语构成： We are all here. School is over. Lets go home. My pen is in my bag. You look very happy. He looked worried. I feel terrible. The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me. 连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割。 练习：分析句子的主语和谓语Mr. Li teaches English.He can play the piano.My parents and I are having dinner.3、表语 表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。 例句：My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。 表语表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。 These desks are yellow. 这些桌子是黄色的。 I am all right. My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教英语。 My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他的。 系动词的分类：1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语持续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest（仍是）, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, 例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的词有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。 宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。 He is doing his homework.(名词)I saw a cat in the tree. 我看见树上有一只猫。They did nothing this morning.(代词)She wants to go home.(不定式)I want to go shopping. 我想去买东西。We enjoy playing football.(动名词)【注意】有的动词可接双宾语，其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：He bought me a book.Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾)直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾)Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)My father bought me a book. 我父亲给我买了一本书。 Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮给我。 Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 请把这封信给小李。 有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。 We all call him LaoWang. 我们都叫他老王。 Please color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色。 We found the little girl in the hill. 我们在山上找到了小女孩。 有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：I hope to see you again.有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：Do you mind my opening the window?有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。) 从句： He said he could be here. 他说他会来的。 We think you are right. 我们认为你是对的。 5、补语（宾语补足语）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：(名词)We elected him monitor.If anyone came to set me free, I would make him king over the world.In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work.常用名词作宾语的动词有：find， make，elect，name，call，consider，think，choose 等。(形容词)I found it difficult to learn English well.I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.Very loud noise can make people ill, hurt their ears, or even drive them mad.常接形容词或副词作宾补的动词有：believe，cut，consider，think， prove，get， make， drive，want，keep，turn，set，find，wish，wash，leave 等。(不定式短语)The doctor told me to do more exercise.She wanted him to sing for her friends. Nothing could make me turn against my country.He ordered a soldier to bring a national flag and covered the boys body with it, leaving his face exposed .常跟不定式作宾补的词有：ask，beg，tell，advise，persuade，invite，allow，like，love，prefer，hate，expect，warn，summon，permit，get，force，oblige，forbid，teach，urge，ask for，long for，request，require，call on 等。(过去分词)He is going to have his hair cut.(现在分词)They saw a bird flying in the sky.Dont keep your mother waiting.To keep the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls joined up.His clothes seemed to be just pulled on to keep him covered, like a blanket to keep one warm.1）常跟分词作宾补的词有：keep，have，send，find，smell，leave，look at，listen to， get，make，prefer，hear，watch，feel，notice，observe 等。2）get，have，listen to，look at，smell 等动词常用现在分词（短语）作宾补，及feel，get，have，like，want，wish等动词用过去分词作宾补只能用于SVOC句型中。如何区分宾补和双宾语双宾语就是有些动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语. 直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示的行为的人. 例如: They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语, 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语. 在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语. We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语.We call her这时主谓宾都有了，但句意不清楚，加上Sister Li后就完整了。如果我们用宾语做主语，就可写成She is Sister Li. 此时，意义与原句相符合，所以Sister？Li就是宾语补足语。2. shall I give you这时句子有了主谓宾，意义不完整。加上a dog. 就完整了。但我们不能说You are a dog. 所以这时a dog. 是直接宾语。You 是间接宾语。6、定语在句中修饰名词、代词等词语或短语的成分叫定语。定语用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况。用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。单词（如形容词，代词，数词，名词等）作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰才之后。【形容词作定语】：He is a new student.他是个新生。 The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。【数词作定语】相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 【代词或名词所有格作定语】：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 【介词短语作定语】：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 【名词作定语】：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 【副词作定语】：表示地点/时间/方向的副词作定语时，应放在被修饰的词之后。1）表示地点的,如here/there/upstairs/downstairs/above/below/abroad/home2）表示时间的,如now/then/yesterday/today3）表示方向的,如back/ahead/up/down/The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴) /They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。【不定式作定语】：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 【分词（短语）作定语】：Our country is a developing country. 我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 【定语从句】：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。The bike in the room is mine.房间里的自行车是我的。7、状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、方式、程度等等。状语通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点