通过知识竞争：人力资本架构

,ScottA.SnellCornellUniversity393IvesHallIthaca,NY14853(607)255-4112,CompetingthroughKnowledge:TheHumanCapitalArchitecture通过知识竞争：人力资本架构,IBM,“Youcangetcapitalanderectbuildings,butittakespeopletobuildabusiness.”“你能得到资金和高楼大厦，但你需要员工才能完成交易”ThomasJ.Watson,IBM,DidIBMforget?$168billion(TobinsQ=2.1)Hardware,software,andservicesNobelprize-winningscientists3,768patents(1993-1995),WhatsHappeningToday?今天发生了什么？,IndustryChanges工业变化Globalization全球化Informationtechnology信息技术,Knowledge-basedstrategies以知识为基础的战略Corecompetencies核心能力Innovation变革Externalpartnerships外部合作伙伴,Leadingto导致,NewBusinessEquation新的商业等式,Needfor需要Organizationalagility敏捷的组织Speed速度Innovation变革Cost成本,网络型组织,对顾客诚实,智力资本,信息技术,合作者与契约伙伴,打破界限,关注核心能力,CoreCompetence核心能力,isabundleofskillsandtechnologiesthatenablesacompanytoprovideaparticularbenefittocustomers.包括大量技能和技术，可以提供给消费者特殊的利益。HamelandPrahalad,1994,SONY索尼Miniaturization微型设计Pocketability便携式FEDERALEXPRESS联邦快递Logistics后勤（协调能力）On-timedelivery准时送货HONDA本田Enginedesign/mfg.机械设计Reliableperformance值得信赖的产品MOTOROLA摩托罗拉公司Wirelesstechnology无线技术Untetheredcomm.无线沟通,CoreBenefittoCompetenceCustomer核心能力给消费者的利益,Knowledge,Technologies,Processes,Relationships,CRITERIA标准valuable有价值的unique唯一的extendable可扩展性learning学习,BenefitsVALUE=-Costs,UNIQUE=(socialcomplexity+causalambiguity),LEARNING=(experiencexchallenge),CompetingThroughPeoplet人的竞争Identify&developcoreskills确定和发展核心技能Integratediverseactivities整合多样化的动机Respondwithagility&speed敏捷、快速反应Empoweraction授权Innovate变革,CoreCompetence核心能力,isabundleofskillsandtechnologiesthatenablesacompanytoprovideaparticularbenefittocustomers.包括大量技能和技术，可以提供给消费者特殊的利益。-HamelandPrahalad,价值收益/成本,学习经验挑战,唯一社会的复杂性原因的模糊性,KNOWLEDGE知识-customer客户-technology技术-operations执行-managing管理,PROCESSES流程-customersegmentation客户服务部门-just-in-time(hrs)及时服务-masscustomization模块用户化-buildtoorder(AIM)以订单为核心-ROICmetrics计算基本回报率制度-experimentation试验,TECHNOLOGY技术-Premierpages主页-softwareinstallation软件安装-TPMtriggers(parts,service)-customerpurchasingsystems客户购买系统,RELATIONSHIPS关系-customerintimacy(Boeing)客户的熟悉程度-Platinumcouncils顶尖顾问-supplierpartnerships(Sony)供应商合作-employeeinvolvement雇员参与-thirdpartyservicemaintainers(TPMs)第三方提供维修服务-distributionagreements(UPS,Airbourne)分享协议,“VirtualIntegration”,Leadingto,Value价值Uniqueness唯一Learning学习,“Alow-valueproductcanbemadebyanyoneanywhere.Whenyouhaveknowledgenooneelsehasaccessto-thatsdynamite.Weguardourintellectualassetsevenmorecarefullythanourfinancialassets.”低价值的产品任何人、任何地方都可以做。当你拥有别人无法掌握的知识时那才是优势。我们小心保护着我们的智力资本甚至超过了我们的金融资本-RoyVagelos,formerCEOMerck,价值整合,“PositivelyOutrageousService”,SouthwestAirlines西南航空,TECHNOLOGY技术-Premierpages主页-softwareinstallation软件安装-TPMtriggers(parts,service)第三方提供维修服务-customerpurchasingsystems客户购买系统,PROCESSES流程-customersegmentation客户服务部门-just-in-time(hrs)及时服务-masscustomization模块用户化-buildtoorder(AIM)以订单为核心-ROICmetrics计算基本回报率制度-experimentation试验,KNOWLEDGE知识-customer客户-technology技术-operations执行-managing管理,RELATIONSHIPS关系-customerintimacy(Boeing)客户的熟悉程度-Platinumcouncils顶尖顾问-supplierpartnerships(Sony)供应商合作-employeeinvolvement雇员参与-thirdpartyservicemaintainers(TPMs)第三方提供维修服务-distributionagreements(UPS,Airbourne)分享协议,积极的额外服务,KNOWLEDGE知识-microbiology微生物-biochemistry有机化学-imunodiagnostics免疫诊断(antibodies/conjugates)抗体/融合,PROCESSES流程-R&D/Mfg.研发-bioconjugation生物聚和-antibodypurification抗体提纯-PCRamplification-DNAhybridizationDNA杂交-TQM全面质量管理-commercialization商品化,TECHNOLOGY-immunoassays确定抗原-ELISA(serum/blood)免疫血清-rapiddiagnostics快速诊断-DNAbasedDNA基础,RELATIONSHIPS关系-CRC-DT,CDC-U.S.Army美国军队-WorldHealthOrg国际健康组织.-universities大学-distributionnetwork分享网络-employee(science/mkt)雇员,C2=“RapidLearning”,Leadingto,Anorganizationatthefrontierofitsintellectualfieldismorelikelytostayatthefrontier.Itcanattractandchallengemoreandbetterintellectthanitscompetitors.Bysolvingmoreadvancedproblems,ithasmorecapacitytosolveothers.Andsoon.”一个处于智力领域的前沿的组织一定处于行业的前沿。它能够比竞争对手吸引更多更好的人才且为其提供更多的机会。通过解决尖端问题它也能解决其他问题。-JBQuinn,BIOTECHINC.,Value价值Uniqueness唯一Learning学习,C2=快速学习,Combinationofpeopleandsystemsleadsto.,HumanCapital,SocialCapital,OrganizationalCapital,BioTech,Inc.:Intellectualcapital生物技术：智力资本,People,Systems,KNOWLEDGE知识-microbiology-biochemistry-bioconjugation-imunodiagnostics,PROCESSES流程-R&D/Mfg.-bioconjugation-antibodypurification-PCRamplification-DNAhybridization-TQM-commercialization,TECHNOLOGIES技术-immunoassays-ELISA(serum/blood)-rapiddiagnostics-DNAbaseddetection,RELATIONSHIPS关系-CRC-DT,CDC-U.S.Army-WorldHealthOrg.-universities-distributionnetwork-employee(science/mkt),C2=“RapidLearning”快速学习,PEOPLE,SYSTEMS,CoreCompetence核心能力,人员,系统,人力资本,社会资本,组织资本,人与系统的整合导致,Howdoeshumancapitalcontributetothecorecompetence?人力资本对核心能力的贡献,Value有价值的Unique唯一的,Resourcesneedtobe:资源是,BenefitsVALUE价值=-Costs,Drivesinnovation推动变革Respondstocustomerdemands反映消费者需求Providesexcellentcustomerservice提供出色的客户服务Achieveshighestquality达成最优质量Instrumentalinprocessimprovements有助于流程完善Developsnewbusinessopportunities发展新的商业机会Directlyaffectsefficiencyandproductivity直接影响效率和生产率Minimizescostsofproduction,service,delivery最小化产品成本、服务成本、送货成本,Notwidelyavailableinthemarketz在市场上没有得到广泛的信赖Cannotbeboughtorappropriated不能被购买或采购Difficulttoimitateorduplicate难以模仿或复制SpecializedKSAs特别的KSADifficulttoreplace难以替代Customizedtoourfirm在公司定做Developedthroughon-the-jobexperiences通过有实际经验的人培训Distinguishesusfromourcompetitors差异化,收益,成本,KEY财务人员HR人员技术管理团队信息系统员操作人员市场/销售研发员质量控制人员生物研究员客户服务人员.快速诊断员.法律顾问分配,研发人员,机械操作员,运输员,销售员,销售员,技术管理团队,客户服务人员,HR人员,研发人员,快速诊断员,财务人员,客户服务人员,操作工,研发人员,研发合作伙伴,CoreKnowledge核心知识,LowVALUEhigh,低唯一性高,人力资本图,快速诊断,ScottA.Snell,CornellUniversity,C2=RapidLearning,HR人员,法律顾问,信息管理员,生物研究员,财务人员,质量控制员,技术管理团队,公用型知识CompulsoryKnowledge,IdiosyncraticKnowledge特殊知识,辅助型知识AncillaryKnowledge,价值,低,高,R&D,Manufacturing/Operations,Distribution,Sales,Sales,TMT,CustServ,HR,R&D,Rapids,Fin,CustomerService,Mfg,R&D,R&DPartners,CoreKnowledge核心知识,LowVALUEhigh,LowUNIQUEhigh,BIOTECH,INC:MappingHumanCapital人力资本图,KEYFinance财务HR人力资源TMT技术管理团队MIS信息系统Mfg/Operations操作人员Market/Sales市场/销售R&D研发Quality质量Biologicals生物Cust.Service客户服务RapidDiag.快速诊断Legal/Reg.法律Distribution分配,Rapids,ScottA.Snell,CornellUniversity,C2=RapidLearning,HR,Legal,MIS,Biologicals,Fin,Quality,TMT,CompulsoryKnowledge,IdiosyncraticKnowledge特殊知识,AncillaryKnowledge,唯一性,价值,低,高,低,高,HighValue高价值,LowValue低价值,Generic普遍性,Core核心,Idiosyncratic独特性,Ancillary辅助性,Compulsory公用性,Unique唯一性,HumanCapitalArchitecture人力资本架构,HumanCapitaluniquevalue,HRMSystem,EmployMode,人力资本唯一性有价值,人力资源管理系统,雇佣模型,CoreHumanCapital核心人力资本HighValue:Directlinktocorecompetence高价值：直接与核心能力相连HighUniqueness:Firm-specificknowledgeandskills独一无二：公司特别的知识和技能,HighValue,HighValue,LowValue,LowValue,Unique,Generic,Generic,Idiosyncratic,Idiosyncratic,Ancillary,Ancillary,Compulsory,Compulsory,HumanCapitalArchitecture,Core,例如,EmploymentMode:knowled