critical thinking阅读时的批判性思维

.,CriticalThinking,Unit2,BookII,.,Text1CriticalThinking,PartI:(Paras.14)Whatiscriticalthinking?(definition)Para.1:Itsasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem.Para.2:Or,criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought,thatassessesthought,andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter.Para.2:(Thereisathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinking)Itsthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter.Para.4:Inotherwords,criticalthinking,transformsthinkingintwodirections:moresystematicallyandmorecomprehensively.,.,PartII:(Paras.56)Criticalthinkingisimportant.Para.5:Itsimportantbecausewe,ascreatures,aredeeplydeterminedbyourthinking.Para.6:Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithaltoraiseourcollectivethinkingsoastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld.,.,PartIII:(Paras.710):ThetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocietiesisaHerculeanone.Para.7:topicsentenceandbackgroundinformation.Paras.8-10:Therearemanybarrierstocriticalthought.-Para.8:humanegocentricity,sociocentricity,self-delusion,narrow-mindedness-Para.9:fear,humaninsecurity,humanhabits,bureaucracy,.,-Para.10:Thenforuswhoareteaching,studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle.mistakennotions,ignorance,ourlimitedknowledge,stubbornness,ouractivatedignorance,(finally)ourresistancetodoingtheintellectualwork.,.,PartIV(Paras.1115):Howdowecultivatecriticalthinking?Paras.11and12:Thiscanbedoneonlyperson-by-personthroughaprocess,whichwecallintellectualwork.Thinkofthe“ElementsofThought”.Areweinthehabitofaskingquestions?Paras.1315:Whatstandardsdoyouusetoassessyourthinkingandthethinkingofothers?“Iusethestandardsofclarity,accuracy,precision,relevance,depth,breadth,logicandfairness.”,.,Thelasttwoparas.:conclusionOurstudentsshouldlearntothinkcriticallysoastoknowhowtochangetheirthinkinginkeepingwiththechangesoftheworld.,.,Whatiscriticalthinking?Whyisitimportantforus?Whyisitsodifficult?Howcanwecultivateit?,.,Whatis“beingcritical”?,CriticcomesfromtheAncientGreek,meaningapersonwhooffersreasonedjudgmentoranalysis,andcriticismistheactivityofjudgmentorinformedinterpretation,whichcanbesynonymouswithanalysis.,.,Beingcriticalinacademictermsreferstotwobroadcharacteristicsofaresearcherswayofthinking.Acriticalresearcherisalwaysquestioning.askingquestion/expressingdoubts:nothingistakenforgranted.scrutinizingevidence:Wherethereisaclaimmade,clarifytheevidencethatsupports.drawingaconclusion:checkiftheclaimsinquestionarecredible-ornot!,.,Acriticalresearcherisopen-minded,respectfulofothers(evenwhileperhapschallengingtheirwork),andconstructive.Theobjectiveofcriticalresearchistoadvanceknowledge,nottobuildonesownreputationordamagesomeoneelses.,.,So,howdoyouunderstand“beingcritical”inreading?,.,Whatdowemeanbycriticalinreading?,readbetweenlinesbeinquisitivejudgecredibilitycommentrationallyreflectononeselfforimprovement,.,readbetweenlines:thinkingcarefullyaboutwhatyoureadandwhy:notjustlookingforandreadingtheobvious,.,beinquisitive:questioningandtestingwhatyouread,e.g.“dotheauthorsviewpointsandideasappearjustified?Why-orwhynot?”askinggoodquestionsofothersandofyourselfexploringfurtherwhatisnotadequatelydiscussedinwhatyouread,.,judgecredibility:judgingwhatisbelievableandwhatisnotspottingandchallengingpotentialbias,distortedviews,prejudice,andself-interest-intheworkofothers,andinyourownthinkingchallengingideas-whereappropriate,andbasedoncredibleevidence,.,commentrationally:notjustrepeatingtheideasofothers,butlookingforconnections(ordisparities),andconstructingyourownargumentssupportedbyarangecarefullyconsideredviewpoints,.,reflectforimprovement:lookingforgaps,andputtingforwardnewordifferentsolutions;adaptingyourplan,yourgoal,yourwayofreadingandlearningbasedonyourdevelopinginsights,.,Whatisthe“criticalthinking”stairway?Whatdopeopledowhentheythinkcritically?,.,Discussion(I),Whenyouhaveaproblem,orsimplywhenyouwanttodosth.,orachieveacertaingoal,whatdoyoudotoarriveatthefinaldestination?,.,Discussion(II),SherlockHolmesandJohnWatsonhavenevermeteachotherbuttheyaregoingtoshareaflat.Whentheymeetforthefirsttime,theymustwonder:Whoistheguyandwhatishelike?HowdidHolmesgettheanswers?HowdidWatsongettheanswers?,.,Holmeswaytogettheanswer,Questionobservationprocessinginformation(analyzingwhatisseenandrecognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisible)assumptionputtingtheassumptiontotestreconstructingbeliefarrivingataccurateconclusion,.,Watsonswaytogettheanswer,puzzledwaitingtobetoldtheanswer,.,CriticalThinking“Stairway”Questions/problems/plan/goal,etc.observation:gatheringrelevantinformationprocessinginformation:analyzing,comparing,synthesizing,recognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisibleassumption:Recognizingtheexistence(ornon-existence)oflogicalrelationshipsbetweeninformation;drawingwarrantedconclusionsandgeneralizationstest:puttingtheassumptiontotest,verifyingifitisaccurateReconstruction:reconstructingyourpatternsofbeliefsonthebasisofwiderexperienceifpreviousassumptionprovestobeinaccurateC